The occurrence of microplastics in freshwater systems – preliminary results from Krakow (Poland)
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Keywords
Abstrakt
The results of research conducted in recent years indicates that microplastic particles are widely distributed in the aquatic environment. The investigations are mostly focused on marine waters and there is still a lack of information about their presence in both surface water and groundwater. In this paper, preliminary results of research conducted in Poland are presented. Different types of water samples were collected. Five litres of each sample were filtered through 0.4 μm glass fibre filters. In the first stage, visual identification was conducted using a stereomicroscope. Additionally, some interesting fragments were examined by means of SEM/EDS method. In the case of rivers water samples, which were characterized by a high content of organic matter and minerals, the visibility of microplastics could be reduced. In the sample from the Vistula River, some particles similar to microplastics were found. In the groundwater samples, some blue and green particles which supposed to be plastic were found by the stereomicroscope. Additional analysis with the DXR Raman Microscope method gave no clear results. The samples were too small and the plastic particles were very dispersed which prevented correct analysis. SEM analysis showed irregularly shaped particles which were considered to be microplastics. Considering the chemical composition, carbon predominated.
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Bibliografia
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Ashton K., Holmes L. & Turner A., 2010. Association of metals with plastic production pellets in the marine environment. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 60, 2050–2055.
Baldwin A.K., Corsi S.R. & Mason S.A., 2016. Plastic Debris in 29 Great Lakes Tributaries: Relations to Watershed Attributes and Hydrology. Environmental Science and Technology, 50, 19, 10377–10385.
Barnes D.K.A., Walters A. & Gonçalves L., 2010. Macroplastics at sea around Antarctica. Marine Environmental Research, 70, 250–252.
Bogusz A. & Cejner M., 2015. Mikroplastiki w środowisku wodnym – pochodzenie, akumulacja zanieczyszczeń oraz wpływ na organizmy wodne. [in:] Olszówka M. & Maciąg K. (red.), Nauka w służbie przyrodzie: wybrane zagadnienia, Fundacja na Rzecz Promocji Nauki i Rozwoju Tygiel Lublin, 61–73.
Bogusz A. & Oleszczuk P., 2016. Microplastics in the environment: characteristic, identification and potential risk. Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Skłodowska Lublin – Polonia, 71, 2, 97–114.
Browne M.A., Crump P., Niven S.J., Teuten E., Tonkin A., Galloway T. & Thompson R., 2011. Accumulation of microplastic on shorelines worldwide: sources and sinks. Environmental Science and Technology, 45, 9175–9179.
Butrykowska G., 2017. Występowanie mikroplastików w odchodach wydry Lutra lutra. [in:] Biopotencjał 2017 – Wydział Biologii i Nauk o Środowisku, UKSW w Warszawie [conference proceedings].
Carpenter E.J., Anderson S.J., Harvey G.R., Miklas H.P. & Peck B.B., 1972. Polystyrene spherules in coastal waters. Science, 178, 749–750.
Carr S.A., 2017. Sources and dispersive modes of micro-fibers in the environment. Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management, 13, 3, 466–469.
Carretero O., Frias J.P.G.L., Pereiro D., Lopes C., Antunes J., Andrade J.M., Camedda A., Goruppi A., de Lucia G.A., Pedrotti M.L., Sobral P., Caetano M., Tirelli V., Nash R. & Gago J., 2017. Microplastic sampling comparison. JPI- ‑Oceans BASEMAN project.
Colton J.B., Knapp F.D. & Burns B.R., 1974. Plastic Particles in Surface Waters of the Northwestern Atlantic. Science, 185, 491–497.
Davis W. & Murphy A.G., 2015. Plastic in surface waters of the Inside Passage and beaches of the Salish Sea in Washington State. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 97, 169–177.
Dris R., Gasperi J., Rocher V., Saad M., Renault N. & Tassin B., 2015a. Microplastic contamination in an urban area: a case study in Greater Paris. Environmental Chemistry, 12, 5, A–H.
Dris R., Imhof H., Sanchez W., Gasperi J., Galgani F., Tassin B. & Laforsch C., 2015b. Beyond the ocean: contamination of freshwater ecosystems with (micro-) plastic particles. Environmental Chemistry, 12, 5, 539–550.
Dris R., Gasperi J., Rocher V. & Tassin B., 2018. Synthetic and non-synthetic anthropogenic fibers in a river under the impact of Paris Megacity: Sampling methodological aspects and flux estimations. Science of the Total Environment, 618, 157–164.
Eerkes-Medrano D., Thompson R.C.& Aldridge D.C., 2015. Microplastics in freshwater systems: A review of the emerging threats, identification of knowledge gaps and prioritisation of research needs. Water Research, 75, 63–82.
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Eriksen M., Mason S., Wilson S., Box C., Zellers A., Edwards W., Farley H. & Amato S., 2013. Microplastic pollution in the surface waters of the Laurentian Great Lakes. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 77, 177.
Eriksen M., Liboiron M., Kiessling T., Charron L., Alling A., Lebreton L., Richards H., Roth B., Ory N.C., Hidalgo-Ruz V., Meerhoff E., Box C., Cummins A. & Thiel M., 2018. Microplastic sampling with the AVANI trawl compared to two neuston trawls in the Bay of Bengal and South Pacific. Environmental Pollution, 232, 430–439.
Everaert G., Van Cauwenberghe L., De Rijcke M., Koelmans A.A., Mees J., Vandegehuchte M. & Janssen C.R., 2018. Risk assessment of microplastics in the ocean: Modelling approach and first conclusions. Environmental Pollution, 242, B, 1930–1938, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.envpol.2018.07.069.
Faure F., Corbaz M., Baecher H. & De Alencastro L.F., 2012. Pollution due to plastics and microplastics in Lake Geneva and in Mediterranean Sea. Archives des Sciences, 65, 157–164.
Fleituch T., 2016. Mikroplastiki – koń trojański ekosystemów wodnych? Chrońmy Przyrodę Ojczystą, 72, 1, 3–13.
Free C.M., Jensen O.P., Mason S.A., Eriksen M., Williamson N.J. & Boldgiv B., 2014. High-levels of microplastic pollution in a large, remote, mountain lake. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 85, 156–163.
Frère L., Paul-Pont I., Rinnert E., Petton S., Jaffrè J., Bihannic I., Soudant P., Lambert C. & Huvet A., 2017. Influence of environmental and anthropogenic factors on the composition, concentration and spatial distribution of microplastics: A case study of the Bay of Brest (Brittany, France). Environmental Pollution, 225, 211–222.
Gasperi J., Wright S.L., Dris R., Collard F., Mandin C., Guerrouache M., Langlois V., Kelly F.J. & Tassin B., 2018. Microplastics in air: Are we breathing it in? Current Opinion in Environmental Science and Health, 1, 1–5.
Goldstein M.C., Titmus A.J. & Ford M., 2013. Scales of spatial heterogeneity of plastic marine debris in the northeast Pacific ocean. PLoS One, 8, 11, e80020.
Graca B., Szewc K., Zakrzewska D., Dołęga A. & Szczerbowska-Boruchowska M., 2017. Sources and fate of microplastics in marine and beach sediments of the Southern Baltic Sea – a preliminary study. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 24, 8, 7650–7661.
Graham E.R. & Thompson J.T., 2009. Deposit- and suspension- feeding sea cucumbers (Echinodermata) ingest plastic fragments. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 368, 1, 22–29.
Heimowska A., 2016. Zagrożenie dla środowiska morskiego dryfującymi materiałami polimerowymi. Zeszyty Naukowe Akademii Morskiej w Gdyni, 93, 141–145.
Hidalgo-Ruz V., Gutow L., Thompson R.C. & Thiel M., 2012. Microplastics in the Marine Environment: A Review of the Methods Used for Identification and Quantification. Environmental Science and Technology, 46, 3060–3075.
Hurley R., Woodward J. & Rothwell J.J., 2018. Microplastic contamination of river beds significantly reduced by catchment-wide flooding. Nature Geoscience, 11, 251–257.
Jastrzębska M. & Jurczak W., 2012. Problem zaśmiecania środowiska morskiego. Logistyka, 5, 471–475.
Kłos L., 2016. Spożycie wody butelkowanej w Polsce i jej wpływ na środowisko przyrodnicze. Barometr Regionalny, 14, 1, 111–117.
Law K.L., Morét-Ferguson S.E., Goodwin D.S., Zettler E.R., Deforce E., Kukulka T. & Proskurowski G., 2014. Distribution of surface plastic debris in the eastern Pacific Ocean from an 11-year data set. Environmental Science and Technology, 48, 4732–4738.
Lechner A., Keckeis H., Lumesberger-Loisl F., Zens B., Krusch R., Tritthart M., Glas M. & Schludermann E., 2014. The Danube so colourful: a potpourri of plastic litter outnumbers fish larvae in Europe’s second largest river. Environmental Pollution, 188, 177–181.
Li J., Liu H. & Chen P., 2018. Microplastics in freshwater systems: A review on occurrence, environmental effects, and methods for microplastics detection. Water Research, 137, 362–374.
Lončarski M., Tubić A., Agbaba J., Jović B., Mészáros Szécsényi K. & Dalmacija B., 2018. Characterisation of personal care products microplastics as a potential source of pollution of Danube water. [in:] Feierabend M., Novytska O., Vouk D., Šabić M. (eds.), 10th Eastern European Young Water Professionals Conference: New Technologies in Water Sector, 7–12 May 2018, Zagreb, Croatia: Book of Abstracts, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, 63–64.
Manalu A.A., Hariyadi S. & Wardiatno Y., 2017. Microplastics abundance in coastal sediments of Jakarta Bay, Indonesia. AACL Bioflux, 10, 5, 1164–1173.
Mato Y., Isobe T., Takada H., Kahnehiro H., Ohtake C. & Kaminuma O., 2001. Plastic resin pellets as a transport medium for toxic chemicals in the marine environment. Environmental Science and Technology, 35, 2, 318–324.
Moore C.J., Lattin G.L. & Zellers A.F., 2011. Quantity and type of plastic debris flowing from two urban rivers to coastal waters and beaches of Southern California. Journal of Integrated Coastal Zone Management, 11, 1, 65–73.
Morét-Ferguson S., Law K.L., Proskurowski G., Murphy E.K., Peacock E.E. & Reddy C.M., 2010. The size, mass, and composition of plastic debris in the western North Atlantic Ocean. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 60, 10, 1873–1878.
Moatar F., Person G., Maybeck M., Coynel A., Etcheber H. & Crouzet P., 2006. The influence of contrasting suspended particulate matter transport regimes on the bias and precision of flux estimates. Science of the Total Environment, 370, 2–3, 515–531.
Mrowiec B., 2017. Plastic pollutants in water environment. Environmental Protection and Natural Resources, 28, 4, 74, 51–55.
Mrowiec B., 2018. The role of wastewater treatment plants in surface water contamination by plastic pollutants. [in:] VI International Conference of Science and Technology INFRAEKO 2018: Modern Cities. Infrastructure and Environment: Krakow, Poland, June 7–8, 2018, E3S Web of Conferences, 45, 00054, 1–8, DOI: https://doi. org/10.1051/e3sconf/20184500054.
Pagter E., Frias J. & Nash R., 2018. Microplastics in Galway Bay: A comparison of sampling and separation methods. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 135, 932–940.
Plastics, 2017. Plastics – the Facts 2017: An analysis of European plastics production, demand and waste data. Plastics Europe, Association of Plastic Manufacturers, Brussels. Proposal, 2018.
Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council on the quality of water intended for human consumption (recast). COM/2017/0753 final – 2017/0332 (COD).
Rezania S., Park J., Md Din M.F., Mat Taib S., Talaiekhozani A., Kumar Yadav K. & Kamyab H., 2018. Microplastics pollution in different aquatic environments and biota: A review of recent studies. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 133, 191–208.
Rillig M.C., Ziersch L. & Hempel S., 2017. Microplastic transport in soil by earthworms. Scientific Reports, 7, 1, 1–6.
Rios L.M., Moore C. & Jones P.R., 2007. Persistent organic pollutants carried by synthetic polymers in the ocean environment. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 54, 8, 1230–1237.
Song Y.K., Hong S.H., Jang M., Kang J.H., Kwon O.Y., Han G.M. & Shim W.J., 2014. Large accumulation of micro- sized synthetic polymer particles in the sea surface microlayer. Environmental Science and Technology, 48, 16, 9014–9021.
Sighicelli M., Pietrelli L., Lecce F., Iannilli V., Falconieri M., Coscia L., Di Vito S., Nuglio S. & Zampetti G., 2018. Microplastic pollution in the surface waters of Italian Subalpine Lakes. Environmental Pollution, 236, 645–651.
Simpson S.L., Batley G.E., Chariton A.A., Stauber J.L., King C.K., Chapman J.C., Hyne R.V., Gale S.A., Roach A.C. & Maher W.A., 2005. Handbook for Sediment Quality Assessment. CSIRO, Bangor, NSW.
Sprawozdanie, 2017. Sprawozdanie z rejsu badawczego R/V Oceania: AREX 2017: 14.06.2017–29.08.2017. [on-line:] https://www.iopan.pl/oceania/Arex2017_Raport.pdf [access: 15.07.2018].
Thompson R.C., Olsen Y., Mitchell R.P., Davis A., Rowland S.J., John A.W.G., McGonigle D. & Russell A.E., 2004. Lost at sea: where is all the plastic? Science, 304, 5672, 838.
Wagner M., Scherer C., Alvarez-Muñoz D., Brennholt N., Bourrain X., Buchinger S., Fries E., Grosbois C., Klasmeier J., Marti T., Rodriguez-Mozaz S., Urbatztka R., Vethaak A.D., Winther-Nielsen M. & Reifferscheid G., 2014. Microplastics in freshwater ecosystems: what we know and what we need to know. Environmental Sciences Europe, 26, 12, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12302- 014-0012-7.
Wagner M. & Lambert S., 2018. Freshwater Microplastics: Emerging Environmental Contaminants? The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry, 58, Springer Open.
Weinstein J.E., Crocker B.K. & Gray A.D., 2016. From macroplastic to microplastic: degradation of high-density polyethylene, polypropylene, and polystyrene in a salt marsh habitat. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 35, 7, 1632–1640.
Westphalen H. & Abdelrasoul A., 2018. Challenges and Treatment of Microplastics in Water. [in:] Glavan M. (ed.), Water Challenges of an Urbanizing World, IntechOpen, 71–83.
Ashton K., Holmes L. & Turner A., 2010. Association of metals with plastic production pellets in the marine environment. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 60, 2050–2055.
Baldwin A.K., Corsi S.R. & Mason S.A., 2016. Plastic Debris in 29 Great Lakes Tributaries: Relations to Watershed Attributes and Hydrology. Environmental Science and Technology, 50, 19, 10377–10385.
Barnes D.K.A., Walters A. & Gonçalves L., 2010. Macroplastics at sea around Antarctica. Marine Environmental Research, 70, 250–252.
Bogusz A. & Cejner M., 2015. Mikroplastiki w środowisku wodnym – pochodzenie, akumulacja zanieczyszczeń oraz wpływ na organizmy wodne. [in:] Olszówka M. & Maciąg K. (red.), Nauka w służbie przyrodzie: wybrane zagadnienia, Fundacja na Rzecz Promocji Nauki i Rozwoju Tygiel Lublin, 61–73.
Bogusz A. & Oleszczuk P., 2016. Microplastics in the environment: characteristic, identification and potential risk. Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Skłodowska Lublin – Polonia, 71, 2, 97–114.
Browne M.A., Crump P., Niven S.J., Teuten E., Tonkin A., Galloway T. & Thompson R., 2011. Accumulation of microplastic on shorelines worldwide: sources and sinks. Environmental Science and Technology, 45, 9175–9179.
Butrykowska G., 2017. Występowanie mikroplastików w odchodach wydry Lutra lutra. [in:] Biopotencjał 2017 – Wydział Biologii i Nauk o Środowisku, UKSW w Warszawie [conference proceedings].
Carpenter E.J., Anderson S.J., Harvey G.R., Miklas H.P. & Peck B.B., 1972. Polystyrene spherules in coastal waters. Science, 178, 749–750.
Carr S.A., 2017. Sources and dispersive modes of micro-fibers in the environment. Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management, 13, 3, 466–469.
Carretero O., Frias J.P.G.L., Pereiro D., Lopes C., Antunes J., Andrade J.M., Camedda A., Goruppi A., de Lucia G.A., Pedrotti M.L., Sobral P., Caetano M., Tirelli V., Nash R. & Gago J., 2017. Microplastic sampling comparison. JPI- ‑Oceans BASEMAN project.
Colton J.B., Knapp F.D. & Burns B.R., 1974. Plastic Particles in Surface Waters of the Northwestern Atlantic. Science, 185, 491–497.
Davis W. & Murphy A.G., 2015. Plastic in surface waters of the Inside Passage and beaches of the Salish Sea in Washington State. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 97, 169–177.
Dris R., Gasperi J., Rocher V., Saad M., Renault N. & Tassin B., 2015a. Microplastic contamination in an urban area: a case study in Greater Paris. Environmental Chemistry, 12, 5, A–H.
Dris R., Imhof H., Sanchez W., Gasperi J., Galgani F., Tassin B. & Laforsch C., 2015b. Beyond the ocean: contamination of freshwater ecosystems with (micro-) plastic particles. Environmental Chemistry, 12, 5, 539–550.
Dris R., Gasperi J., Rocher V. & Tassin B., 2018. Synthetic and non-synthetic anthropogenic fibers in a river under the impact of Paris Megacity: Sampling methodological aspects and flux estimations. Science of the Total Environment, 618, 157–164.
Eerkes-Medrano D., Thompson R.C.& Aldridge D.C., 2015. Microplastics in freshwater systems: A review of the emerging threats, identification of knowledge gaps and prioritisation of research needs. Water Research, 75, 63–82.
Eisma D. & Cadeé G.C., 1991. Particulate matter processes in estuaries. [in:] Degens E.T., Kempe S. & Richey J.E. (eds.), Biogeochemistry of Major World Rivers, Scientific Committee on Problems of the Environment, 42, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 283–293.
Eriksen M., Mason S., Wilson S., Box C., Zellers A., Edwards W., Farley H. & Amato S., 2013. Microplastic pollution in the surface waters of the Laurentian Great Lakes. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 77, 177.
Eriksen M., Liboiron M., Kiessling T., Charron L., Alling A., Lebreton L., Richards H., Roth B., Ory N.C., Hidalgo-Ruz V., Meerhoff E., Box C., Cummins A. & Thiel M., 2018. Microplastic sampling with the AVANI trawl compared to two neuston trawls in the Bay of Bengal and South Pacific. Environmental Pollution, 232, 430–439.
Everaert G., Van Cauwenberghe L., De Rijcke M., Koelmans A.A., Mees J., Vandegehuchte M. & Janssen C.R., 2018. Risk assessment of microplastics in the ocean: Modelling approach and first conclusions. Environmental Pollution, 242, B, 1930–1938, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.envpol.2018.07.069.
Faure F., Corbaz M., Baecher H. & De Alencastro L.F., 2012. Pollution due to plastics and microplastics in Lake Geneva and in Mediterranean Sea. Archives des Sciences, 65, 157–164.
Fleituch T., 2016. Mikroplastiki – koń trojański ekosystemów wodnych? Chrońmy Przyrodę Ojczystą, 72, 1, 3–13.
Free C.M., Jensen O.P., Mason S.A., Eriksen M., Williamson N.J. & Boldgiv B., 2014. High-levels of microplastic pollution in a large, remote, mountain lake. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 85, 156–163.
Frère L., Paul-Pont I., Rinnert E., Petton S., Jaffrè J., Bihannic I., Soudant P., Lambert C. & Huvet A., 2017. Influence of environmental and anthropogenic factors on the composition, concentration and spatial distribution of microplastics: A case study of the Bay of Brest (Brittany, France). Environmental Pollution, 225, 211–222.
Gasperi J., Wright S.L., Dris R., Collard F., Mandin C., Guerrouache M., Langlois V., Kelly F.J. & Tassin B., 2018. Microplastics in air: Are we breathing it in? Current Opinion in Environmental Science and Health, 1, 1–5.
Goldstein M.C., Titmus A.J. & Ford M., 2013. Scales of spatial heterogeneity of plastic marine debris in the northeast Pacific ocean. PLoS One, 8, 11, e80020.
Graca B., Szewc K., Zakrzewska D., Dołęga A. & Szczerbowska-Boruchowska M., 2017. Sources and fate of microplastics in marine and beach sediments of the Southern Baltic Sea – a preliminary study. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 24, 8, 7650–7661.
Graham E.R. & Thompson J.T., 2009. Deposit- and suspension- feeding sea cucumbers (Echinodermata) ingest plastic fragments. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 368, 1, 22–29.
Heimowska A., 2016. Zagrożenie dla środowiska morskiego dryfującymi materiałami polimerowymi. Zeszyty Naukowe Akademii Morskiej w Gdyni, 93, 141–145.
Hidalgo-Ruz V., Gutow L., Thompson R.C. & Thiel M., 2012. Microplastics in the Marine Environment: A Review of the Methods Used for Identification and Quantification. Environmental Science and Technology, 46, 3060–3075.
Hurley R., Woodward J. & Rothwell J.J., 2018. Microplastic contamination of river beds significantly reduced by catchment-wide flooding. Nature Geoscience, 11, 251–257.
Jastrzębska M. & Jurczak W., 2012. Problem zaśmiecania środowiska morskiego. Logistyka, 5, 471–475.
Kłos L., 2016. Spożycie wody butelkowanej w Polsce i jej wpływ na środowisko przyrodnicze. Barometr Regionalny, 14, 1, 111–117.
Law K.L., Morét-Ferguson S.E., Goodwin D.S., Zettler E.R., Deforce E., Kukulka T. & Proskurowski G., 2014. Distribution of surface plastic debris in the eastern Pacific Ocean from an 11-year data set. Environmental Science and Technology, 48, 4732–4738.
Lechner A., Keckeis H., Lumesberger-Loisl F., Zens B., Krusch R., Tritthart M., Glas M. & Schludermann E., 2014. The Danube so colourful: a potpourri of plastic litter outnumbers fish larvae in Europe’s second largest river. Environmental Pollution, 188, 177–181.
Li J., Liu H. & Chen P., 2018. Microplastics in freshwater systems: A review on occurrence, environmental effects, and methods for microplastics detection. Water Research, 137, 362–374.
Lončarski M., Tubić A., Agbaba J., Jović B., Mészáros Szécsényi K. & Dalmacija B., 2018. Characterisation of personal care products microplastics as a potential source of pollution of Danube water. [in:] Feierabend M., Novytska O., Vouk D., Šabić M. (eds.), 10th Eastern European Young Water Professionals Conference: New Technologies in Water Sector, 7–12 May 2018, Zagreb, Croatia: Book of Abstracts, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, 63–64.
Manalu A.A., Hariyadi S. & Wardiatno Y., 2017. Microplastics abundance in coastal sediments of Jakarta Bay, Indonesia. AACL Bioflux, 10, 5, 1164–1173.
Mato Y., Isobe T., Takada H., Kahnehiro H., Ohtake C. & Kaminuma O., 2001. Plastic resin pellets as a transport medium for toxic chemicals in the marine environment. Environmental Science and Technology, 35, 2, 318–324.
Moore C.J., Lattin G.L. & Zellers A.F., 2011. Quantity and type of plastic debris flowing from two urban rivers to coastal waters and beaches of Southern California. Journal of Integrated Coastal Zone Management, 11, 1, 65–73.
Morét-Ferguson S., Law K.L., Proskurowski G., Murphy E.K., Peacock E.E. & Reddy C.M., 2010. The size, mass, and composition of plastic debris in the western North Atlantic Ocean. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 60, 10, 1873–1878.
Moatar F., Person G., Maybeck M., Coynel A., Etcheber H. & Crouzet P., 2006. The influence of contrasting suspended particulate matter transport regimes on the bias and precision of flux estimates. Science of the Total Environment, 370, 2–3, 515–531.
Mrowiec B., 2017. Plastic pollutants in water environment. Environmental Protection and Natural Resources, 28, 4, 74, 51–55.
Mrowiec B., 2018. The role of wastewater treatment plants in surface water contamination by plastic pollutants. [in:] VI International Conference of Science and Technology INFRAEKO 2018: Modern Cities. Infrastructure and Environment: Krakow, Poland, June 7–8, 2018, E3S Web of Conferences, 45, 00054, 1–8, DOI: https://doi. org/10.1051/e3sconf/20184500054.
Pagter E., Frias J. & Nash R., 2018. Microplastics in Galway Bay: A comparison of sampling and separation methods. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 135, 932–940.
Plastics, 2017. Plastics – the Facts 2017: An analysis of European plastics production, demand and waste data. Plastics Europe, Association of Plastic Manufacturers, Brussels. Proposal, 2018.
Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council on the quality of water intended for human consumption (recast). COM/2017/0753 final – 2017/0332 (COD).
Rezania S., Park J., Md Din M.F., Mat Taib S., Talaiekhozani A., Kumar Yadav K. & Kamyab H., 2018. Microplastics pollution in different aquatic environments and biota: A review of recent studies. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 133, 191–208.
Rillig M.C., Ziersch L. & Hempel S., 2017. Microplastic transport in soil by earthworms. Scientific Reports, 7, 1, 1–6.
Rios L.M., Moore C. & Jones P.R., 2007. Persistent organic pollutants carried by synthetic polymers in the ocean environment. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 54, 8, 1230–1237.
Song Y.K., Hong S.H., Jang M., Kang J.H., Kwon O.Y., Han G.M. & Shim W.J., 2014. Large accumulation of micro- sized synthetic polymer particles in the sea surface microlayer. Environmental Science and Technology, 48, 16, 9014–9021.
Sighicelli M., Pietrelli L., Lecce F., Iannilli V., Falconieri M., Coscia L., Di Vito S., Nuglio S. & Zampetti G., 2018. Microplastic pollution in the surface waters of Italian Subalpine Lakes. Environmental Pollution, 236, 645–651.
Simpson S.L., Batley G.E., Chariton A.A., Stauber J.L., King C.K., Chapman J.C., Hyne R.V., Gale S.A., Roach A.C. & Maher W.A., 2005. Handbook for Sediment Quality Assessment. CSIRO, Bangor, NSW.
Sprawozdanie, 2017. Sprawozdanie z rejsu badawczego R/V Oceania: AREX 2017: 14.06.2017–29.08.2017. [on-line:] https://www.iopan.pl/oceania/Arex2017_Raport.pdf [access: 15.07.2018].
Thompson R.C., Olsen Y., Mitchell R.P., Davis A., Rowland S.J., John A.W.G., McGonigle D. & Russell A.E., 2004. Lost at sea: where is all the plastic? Science, 304, 5672, 838.
Wagner M., Scherer C., Alvarez-Muñoz D., Brennholt N., Bourrain X., Buchinger S., Fries E., Grosbois C., Klasmeier J., Marti T., Rodriguez-Mozaz S., Urbatztka R., Vethaak A.D., Winther-Nielsen M. & Reifferscheid G., 2014. Microplastics in freshwater ecosystems: what we know and what we need to know. Environmental Sciences Europe, 26, 12, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12302- 014-0012-7.
Wagner M. & Lambert S., 2018. Freshwater Microplastics: Emerging Environmental Contaminants? The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry, 58, Springer Open.
Weinstein J.E., Crocker B.K. & Gray A.D., 2016. From macroplastic to microplastic: degradation of high-density polyethylene, polypropylene, and polystyrene in a salt marsh habitat. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 35, 7, 1632–1640.
Westphalen H. & Abdelrasoul A., 2018. Challenges and Treatment of Microplastics in Water. [in:] Glavan M. (ed.), Water Challenges of an Urbanizing World, IntechOpen, 71–83.
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Połeć, M., Aleksander-Kwaterczak, U., Wątor, K., & Kmiecik, E. (2018). The occurrence of microplastics in freshwater systems – preliminary results from Krakow (Poland). Geology, Geophysics and Environment, 44(4), 391. https://doi.org/10.7494/geol.2018.44.4.391
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