Urban soil contamination with lead and cadmium in the playgrounds located near busy streets in Cracow (South Poland)
Main Article Content
Keywords
urban soil, heavy metals, traffic pollutants, playgrounds
Abstract
Pollution of urban soils with heavy metal caused by traffic activities is increasingly becoming a great threat to human health and environmental quality. This paper presents the results of research of lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) distribution in soils located on playgrounds situated near busy streets in Cracow (Poland). Samples of sand and soil were taken from the top layers (0-10 cm) of ground. Concentrations of examined metals are within the ranges: Pb from 6.80 to 54.04 mg/kg and Cd from 1.60 to 2.61 mg/kg. The highest concentrations were found in the points near the most traffic roads, but this phenomenon is much more visible in the case of lead than cadmium and for places where there is soil on the surface. For sand samples metals amounts are much lower. Although the results have not indicated a high degree of soil’s contamination, they point to the problem of the children's exposure to toxic metals. Urban soil should be monitored particularly in such special places as playgrounds.
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References
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Button E.B., 2008. Soil lead contamination at child day care centers in the greater Cincinnati area. Environmentalist , 28, 69–75.
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Chen T., Zheng Y., Lei M., Huang Z., Wu H., Chen H., Fan K., Yu K., Wu X. & Tian Q., 2005. Assessment of heavy metal pollution in surface soils of urban parks in Beijing, China. Chemosphere , 60, 542–551.
Ciszewski D., Kubsik U. & Aleksander-Kwaterczak U., 2012. Long-term dispersal of heavy metals in a catchment affected by historic lead and zinc mining. Journal of Soils and Sediments, 12 (9), 1445–1462.
De Miguel E., Iribarren I., Chacon E., Ordonez A. & Charlesworth S., 2007. Risk-based evaluation of the exposure of children to trace elements in playgrounds in Madrid (Spain). Chemosphere, 66, 505–513.
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Dziadek K. & Wacławek W., 2005. Metale w środowisku. Cz. I. Metale ciężkie (Zn, Cu, Ni, Pb, Cd) w środowisku glebowym. Chemia, Dydaktyka, Ekologia, Metrologia, 10, 33–44.
Geological Survey of Norway, 2009. Guide for soil pollution assessments in existing day-care centers and playgrounds TA 2260-2007. [on-line:] http://www.sft.no/ [access: 06.01.2015].
Greinert A., 2008. Normy zawartości metali ciężkich w glebach w Polsce i UE w kontekście ich mobilności w warunkach presji urbanistycznej. Ekotoksykologia w Ochronie Środowiska , 121–128.
Imperato M., Adamo P., Naimo D., Arienzo M., Stanzione D. & Violante P., 2003. Spatial distribution of heavy metals in urban soils of Naples city (Italy). Environmental Pollution, 124, 247–256.
Imray P. & Langley A., 2001. Health-based Soil Investigation Levels. En Health Council.
Jarosińska D., Biesiada M. & Miszyńska-Graca M., 2006. Environmental burden of disease due to lead in urban children from Silesia, Poland. The Science of the Total Environment, 367, 71–79.
Jasiewicz Cz., Baran A. & Antonkiewicz J., 2009. Assessment of chemical composition and sanitary state of sand in selected sandboxes in Krakow. Journal of Elementology, 14 (1), 79 –90.
Johnson C., Demetraides A., Locutra J. & Ottensen R., 2011. Mapping the chemical environment of urban areas. Wiley-Blackwell, UK.
Kabata-Pendias A. & Pendias H., 1999. Biochemia pierwiastków śladowych. Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN, Warszawa .
Kowalak A., 1991. Metale śmierci. Centrum Edukacji Ekologicznej Wsi, Krosno.
Li X., Poon C.S. & Lin P.S., 2001. Heavy metal contamination of urban soils and street dust in Hong Kong. Applied Geochemistry, 16, 1361–1368.
Lidsky T.I. & Schneider J.S., 2003. Lead neurotoxicity in children: basic mechanisms and clinical correlates. Brain, 126, 5–19.
Ljung K., Selinus O. & Otabbong E., 2006. Metals in soils of children’s urban environments in the small northern European city of Uppsala. Science of the Total Environment, 366, 749–759.
Lu X., Wanga L., Leia K., Huanga J. & Zhaia Y., 2009. Contamination assessment of copper, lead, zinc, manganese and nikel in street dust of Baoji. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 161, 161, 1058–1062.
Madrid L., Diaz-Barrientos E. & Madrid F., 2002. Distribution of heavy metal contents of urban soils in parks of Seville. Chemosphere, 49, 1301–1308.
Marjanović M., Vukčević M.M., Antonović D.G., Dimitrijević S.J., Jovanović Ð.M., Matavulj M.N. & Ristić M.Ð., 2009. Heavy metals concentration in soils from parks and green areas in Belgrade. Journal of the Serbian Chemical Society, 74 (6), 697–706.
Mostert M.M.R., Ayoko G.A. & Kokot S., 2010. Application of chemometrics to analysis of soil pollutants. Trends i n Analytical Chemistry, 29 (5), 430–445.
Mostert M.M.R., Ayoko G.A., Kokot S., 2012. Multi-criteria ranking and source identification of metals in public playgrounds in Queensland, Australia. Geoderma, 173–174, 173–183.
National Environment Protection (Assessment of Site Contamination) Measure 1999, 2013. Measures as amended, taking into account amendments up to National Environment Protection (Assessment of Site Contamination) Amendment Measure 2013 (No. 1).
Naturvårdsverket, 1997. Bakgrundshalter i mark: halter av vissa metaller och organiska ämnen i jord i tätort och på landsbygd: efterbehandling og sanering. Rapport 4640, Stockholm.
Nieć J., Baranowska R., Dziubanek G. & Rogala D., 2013. Narażenie środowiskowe dzieci na metale ciężkie zawarte w glebach z placów zabaw, boisk, piaskownic i terenów przedszkoli z obszaru Górnego Śląska. Journal of Ecology and Health, 2, 55–62.
Niesiobędzka K. & Krajewska E., 2007. Akumulacja metali ciężkich w glebach i roślinności trawiastej przy trasach szybkiego ruchu. Ochrona Środowiska i Zasobów Naturalnych, 31, 278–283.
Norwegian Institute of Public Health, TA-2263/2007: Veileder for undersøkelse av jordforurensning i barnehager og på lekeplasser på industristeder. Tillegg til TA-2260/2007 (eksisterende barnehager) og TA-2261/2007 (nye barnehager) [Guide for investigating soil pollution in day-care centers and playgrounds in industrial areas. Addition to TA-2260/2007 (existing day-care centers) and TA- 2261/2007 (new day-care centers)].
Ottesen R.T., Haugland T. & Andersson M., 2009. Guide for soil pollution assessments in existing day-care centers and playgrounds. Soil contamination in day-care centers and playgrounds . Trondheim.
Rozporządzenie Ministra Środowiska z dnia 9 września 2002 r. w sprawie standardów jakości gleby oraz standardów jakości ziemi [Regulation of the Minister of the Environment of 9 September 2002 on soil quality standards and earth quality standards]. Dz. U. 2002 nr 165, poz. 1359.
Selinus O., Alloway B., Centeno J.A., Finkelman R.B., Fuge R., Lindh U. & Smedley P., 2005. Essentials of medical geology: impacts of natural environment on public health. Elsevier Academic Press, Burlington, USA.
Sezgin N., Ozcan H.K., Demir G., Nemlioglu S. & Bayat C., 2006. Determination of heavy metals in street dust in Istanbul E-5 Highway. Environmental International, 29, 797–985.
Thomas V., 1995. The elimination of lead in gasoline. Annual Review Energy Environment, 20 (2), 301–324.
Vouitsis E., Ntziachristos L., Pistikopoulos P., Samaras Z., Chrysikou L., Samara C., Papadimitriouc C., Samarasd P. & Sakellaropoulosc G., 2009. An investigation on the physical, chemical and ecotoxicological characteristics of particulate matter emitted from light-duty vehicles. Environmental Pollution, 157 (8–9), 2320–2327.
Wang Y.-F., Huang K.-L., Li C.-T., Mi H.-H., Luo J.-H. & Tsai P.-J., 2003. Emissions of fuel metals content from a diesel vehicle engine. Atmospheric Environment, 37, 4637–4463.
Wardas M., Aleksander-Kwaterczak U., Jusik S., Hryc B., Zgoła T., Sztuka M., Kaczmarska M. & Mazurek M., 2010. An attempt to assess the impact on anthropopressure on the ecological state of urbanised watercourses of Kraków conurbation and the difficulties encountered. Journal of Elementology, 15 (4), 725–743.
Yetimoğlu E.K., Ercan O. & Tosyali K., 2007. Heavy metal contamination in street dusts of Istanbul (Pendik to Levent) E-5 highway. Annali di Chimica, 97 (3–4), 227−235.
Aleksander-Kwaterczak U., Ciszewski D., Szarek-Gwiazda E., Kwandrans J., Wilk-Woźniak E. & Waloszek A., 2010. Wpływ historycznej działalności kopalni rud Zn-Pb w Chrzanowie na stan środowiska wodnego doliny Matyldy. Górnictwo i Geologia , 5 (4), 21–30.
Aleksander-Kwaterczak U. & Ciszewski D., 2012. Zanieczyszczenie gleb na obszarze historycznej eksploatacji rud Zn- -Pb (rejon Lgoty). Górnictwo i Geologia, 7 (2), 23-33.
Alexander J., 2006. Anbefalte kvalitetskriterier for jord i barnehager, lekeplasser og skoler. Nasjonalt folkehel- seinstitutt, November 2006 [Recommended quality criteria for soil in day-care centers, playgrounds, and schools. Norwegian Institute of Public Health].
Baran S., Bielińska E. & Kawecka-Radomska M., 2010. Zawartość metali ciężkich w glebach parków miejskich podlegających zróżnicowanym wpływom antropogenicznym. Inżynieria Środowiska, 17, 131–137.
Beckwith P.R., Ellis J.B. & Revitt D.M., 1985. Particle size distribution of Cu, Pb and Zn across a road surface. Heavy Metals in the Environment: International Conference, Athens, September 1985, CEP Consultants, 174–177.
Button E.B., 2008. Soil lead contamination at child day care centers in the greater Cincinnati area. Environmentalist , 28, 69–75.
Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment, 1999. Soil Quality Guidelines for the Protection of Environmental and Human Health.
CETESB (São Paulo), 2005. Decisão de Diretoria No. 195- 2005-E, de 23 de novembro de 2005, Dispõe sobre a aprovação dos Valores Orientadores para Solos e Águas Subterrâneas no Estado de São Paulo – 2005, em substituição aos Valores Orientadores de 2001, e dá outras providências. [on-line: 06.01.2015] www.cetesb.sp.gov.br/Solo/ relatorios/tabela_valores_2005.pdf.
Chen T., Zheng Y., Lei M., Huang Z., Wu H., Chen H., Fan K., Yu K., Wu X. & Tian Q., 2005. Assessment of heavy metal pollution in surface soils of urban parks in Beijing, China. Chemosphere , 60, 542–551.
Ciszewski D., Kubsik U. & Aleksander-Kwaterczak U., 2012. Long-term dispersal of heavy metals in a catchment affected by historic lead and zinc mining. Journal of Soils and Sediments, 12 (9), 1445–1462.
De Miguel E., Iribarren I., Chacon E., Ordonez A. & Charlesworth S., 2007. Risk-based evaluation of the exposure of children to trace elements in playgrounds in Madrid (Spain). Chemosphere, 66, 505–513.
Department of the Environment, 1998. Draft guidelines for the assessment & management of contaminated land in Queensland. Queensland Government.
Dutch Target and Intervention Values, 2000. Ministry of Housing, Spatial Planning and the Environment (VROM). [on-line:] http://www.esdat.net/ [access: 06.01.2015].
Dziadek K. & Wacławek W., 2005. Metale w środowisku. Cz. I. Metale ciężkie (Zn, Cu, Ni, Pb, Cd) w środowisku glebowym. Chemia, Dydaktyka, Ekologia, Metrologia, 10, 33–44.
Geological Survey of Norway, 2009. Guide for soil pollution assessments in existing day-care centers and playgrounds TA 2260-2007. [on-line:] http://www.sft.no/ [access: 06.01.2015].
Greinert A., 2008. Normy zawartości metali ciężkich w glebach w Polsce i UE w kontekście ich mobilności w warunkach presji urbanistycznej. Ekotoksykologia w Ochronie Środowiska , 121–128.
Imperato M., Adamo P., Naimo D., Arienzo M., Stanzione D. & Violante P., 2003. Spatial distribution of heavy metals in urban soils of Naples city (Italy). Environmental Pollution, 124, 247–256.
Imray P. & Langley A., 2001. Health-based Soil Investigation Levels. En Health Council.
Jarosińska D., Biesiada M. & Miszyńska-Graca M., 2006. Environmental burden of disease due to lead in urban children from Silesia, Poland. The Science of the Total Environment, 367, 71–79.
Jasiewicz Cz., Baran A. & Antonkiewicz J., 2009. Assessment of chemical composition and sanitary state of sand in selected sandboxes in Krakow. Journal of Elementology, 14 (1), 79 –90.
Johnson C., Demetraides A., Locutra J. & Ottensen R., 2011. Mapping the chemical environment of urban areas. Wiley-Blackwell, UK.
Kabata-Pendias A. & Pendias H., 1999. Biochemia pierwiastków śladowych. Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN, Warszawa .
Kowalak A., 1991. Metale śmierci. Centrum Edukacji Ekologicznej Wsi, Krosno.
Li X., Poon C.S. & Lin P.S., 2001. Heavy metal contamination of urban soils and street dust in Hong Kong. Applied Geochemistry, 16, 1361–1368.
Lidsky T.I. & Schneider J.S., 2003. Lead neurotoxicity in children: basic mechanisms and clinical correlates. Brain, 126, 5–19.
Ljung K., Selinus O. & Otabbong E., 2006. Metals in soils of children’s urban environments in the small northern European city of Uppsala. Science of the Total Environment, 366, 749–759.
Lu X., Wanga L., Leia K., Huanga J. & Zhaia Y., 2009. Contamination assessment of copper, lead, zinc, manganese and nikel in street dust of Baoji. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 161, 161, 1058–1062.
Madrid L., Diaz-Barrientos E. & Madrid F., 2002. Distribution of heavy metal contents of urban soils in parks of Seville. Chemosphere, 49, 1301–1308.
Marjanović M., Vukčević M.M., Antonović D.G., Dimitrijević S.J., Jovanović Ð.M., Matavulj M.N. & Ristić M.Ð., 2009. Heavy metals concentration in soils from parks and green areas in Belgrade. Journal of the Serbian Chemical Society, 74 (6), 697–706.
Mostert M.M.R., Ayoko G.A. & Kokot S., 2010. Application of chemometrics to analysis of soil pollutants. Trends i n Analytical Chemistry, 29 (5), 430–445.
Mostert M.M.R., Ayoko G.A., Kokot S., 2012. Multi-criteria ranking and source identification of metals in public playgrounds in Queensland, Australia. Geoderma, 173–174, 173–183.
National Environment Protection (Assessment of Site Contamination) Measure 1999, 2013. Measures as amended, taking into account amendments up to National Environment Protection (Assessment of Site Contamination) Amendment Measure 2013 (No. 1).
Naturvårdsverket, 1997. Bakgrundshalter i mark: halter av vissa metaller och organiska ämnen i jord i tätort och på landsbygd: efterbehandling og sanering. Rapport 4640, Stockholm.
Nieć J., Baranowska R., Dziubanek G. & Rogala D., 2013. Narażenie środowiskowe dzieci na metale ciężkie zawarte w glebach z placów zabaw, boisk, piaskownic i terenów przedszkoli z obszaru Górnego Śląska. Journal of Ecology and Health, 2, 55–62.
Niesiobędzka K. & Krajewska E., 2007. Akumulacja metali ciężkich w glebach i roślinności trawiastej przy trasach szybkiego ruchu. Ochrona Środowiska i Zasobów Naturalnych, 31, 278–283.
Norwegian Institute of Public Health, TA-2263/2007: Veileder for undersøkelse av jordforurensning i barnehager og på lekeplasser på industristeder. Tillegg til TA-2260/2007 (eksisterende barnehager) og TA-2261/2007 (nye barnehager) [Guide for investigating soil pollution in day-care centers and playgrounds in industrial areas. Addition to TA-2260/2007 (existing day-care centers) and TA- 2261/2007 (new day-care centers)].
Ottesen R.T., Haugland T. & Andersson M., 2009. Guide for soil pollution assessments in existing day-care centers and playgrounds. Soil contamination in day-care centers and playgrounds . Trondheim.
Rozporządzenie Ministra Środowiska z dnia 9 września 2002 r. w sprawie standardów jakości gleby oraz standardów jakości ziemi [Regulation of the Minister of the Environment of 9 September 2002 on soil quality standards and earth quality standards]. Dz. U. 2002 nr 165, poz. 1359.
Selinus O., Alloway B., Centeno J.A., Finkelman R.B., Fuge R., Lindh U. & Smedley P., 2005. Essentials of medical geology: impacts of natural environment on public health. Elsevier Academic Press, Burlington, USA.
Sezgin N., Ozcan H.K., Demir G., Nemlioglu S. & Bayat C., 2006. Determination of heavy metals in street dust in Istanbul E-5 Highway. Environmental International, 29, 797–985.
Thomas V., 1995. The elimination of lead in gasoline. Annual Review Energy Environment, 20 (2), 301–324.
Vouitsis E., Ntziachristos L., Pistikopoulos P., Samaras Z., Chrysikou L., Samara C., Papadimitriouc C., Samarasd P. & Sakellaropoulosc G., 2009. An investigation on the physical, chemical and ecotoxicological characteristics of particulate matter emitted from light-duty vehicles. Environmental Pollution, 157 (8–9), 2320–2327.
Wang Y.-F., Huang K.-L., Li C.-T., Mi H.-H., Luo J.-H. & Tsai P.-J., 2003. Emissions of fuel metals content from a diesel vehicle engine. Atmospheric Environment, 37, 4637–4463.
Wardas M., Aleksander-Kwaterczak U., Jusik S., Hryc B., Zgoła T., Sztuka M., Kaczmarska M. & Mazurek M., 2010. An attempt to assess the impact on anthropopressure on the ecological state of urbanised watercourses of Kraków conurbation and the difficulties encountered. Journal of Elementology, 15 (4), 725–743.
Yetimoğlu E.K., Ercan O. & Tosyali K., 2007. Heavy metal contamination in street dusts of Istanbul (Pendik to Levent) E-5 highway. Annali di Chimica, 97 (3–4), 227−235.
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Aug 5, 2015
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Aleksander-Kwaterczak, U., & Rajca, A. (2015). Urban soil contamination with lead and cadmium in the playgrounds located near busy streets in Cracow (South Poland). Geology, Geophysics and Environment, 41(1), 7. https://doi.org/10.7494/geol.2015.41.1.7
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