An attempt to identify traffic related elements in snow
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Abstrakt
The main objective of this article is an attempt to use snow as an indicator in the process of assessing and identifying vehicle-derived elements pollution. The aim of the present study is to characterize traffic-related elements in snow collected from three sites: a parking place, a highway and a relatively unpolluted airfield. Several recent studies suggest that road traffic is considered to be one of the major sources of environmental pollution in urban areas. In order to avoid the problem of low emission from household furnaces, samples were collected far away from residential buildings. Snow located near roads with heavy traffic seems to be a very useful tool and indicator of traffic-related elements released into the environment. Snow acts as a natural filter for various chemical elements and particles. Snow is an efficient scavenger of aerosol and air pollutants, usually remains on the ground for sampling after the event; moreover, snowmelt contaminates soil. In the present study filtered (0.45 um) samples of melted snow were analyzed with ICP-MS. The results show significantly higher concentrations of elements in snow collected at the parking lot and at the highway when compared to samples taken from a relatively unpolluted airfield. Research on exploitation dust (break, tire, clutch) was performed with SEM-EDS.
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Bibliografia
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Apeagyei E., Bank M.S. & Spengler J.D., 2011. Distribution of heavy metals in road dust along an urban-rural gradient in Massachusetts. Atmospheric Environment, 45, 13,2310-2323.
Basta N.T., Ryan J.R. & Chaney R.L., 2005. Heavy metal and trace element chemistry in residual-treated soil: a review of impacts on metal bioavailability and sustainable land application, Journal of Environmental Quality, 34, 1, 49-63.
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Bizzotto E.C., Villa S., Vaj C. & Vighi M., 2009. Comparison of glacial and non-glacial-fed streams to evaluate the loading of persistent organic pollutants through seasonal snow/ice melt. Chemosphere, 74, 924-930.
Blau P. & Meyer H., 2003. Characteristics of wear particles produced during friction tests of conventional and unconventional disc brake materials. Wear, 255, 1261-1269.
Blau P., 2001. Compositions, functions, and testing of friction brake materials and their their addatives. Oak Ridge National Laboratory UT-B Attelle, Report ORNL/M-5824 for U.S. Department of Energy, 3-24.
Blau P., 2003. Microstructure and detachment mechanism of friction layers on the surface of brake shoes. Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance, 12, 1, 56-60.
Ettala M., Kukkamaki E. & Tamminen A., 1986. The use of vertical snow sampling as an indicator of some emissions from point sources. Aqua Fennica, 16, 91-108.
Fauser P., Tjell J.C., Mosbaek H. & Pilegaard K., 1999. Quantification of tire-tread particles using extractable organic zinc as tracer. Rubber Chemical Technology, 72, 969-977.
Gabrielli P., Cozzi G., Torcini S., Cescon P., & Barbante C., 2008. Trace elements in winter snow of the Dolomites (Italy): a statistical study of natural and anthropogenic contributions. Chemosphere, 72, 1504-1509.
Gajdzik B., Wieszała R. & Wieczorek T., 2012. Identification of the exploitation dust in road dust. Metalurgija, 50, 2, 101-104.
Gregurek D., Melcher F. & Niskavaara H., 1999. Platinum-group elements (Rh, Pt, Pd) and Au distribution in snow samples from the Kola Peninsula, NW Russia. Atmospheric Environment, 33, 3281-3290.
Gregurek D., Reimann C. & Stumpfl E.F., 1998. Trace elements and precious metals in snow samples from the immediate vicinity of nickel processing plants, Kola Peninsula, Northwest Russia. Environmental Pollution, 102, 221-232.
Gudmand-Hoyer A., Bach A., Neilsen G.T. & Per M., 1999. Tribiological properties of automotive disc brakes with solids lubricants. Wear, 232, 168-175.
Gunawardana Ch., Goonetilleke A., Egodawatta P. & Dawes L., 2012. Source characterisation of road dust based on chemical and mineralogical composition. Chemosphere, 87, 2, 163-170.
Hautala E.L., Rekila R., Tarhanen J. & Ruuskanenb J., 1995. Deposition of motor vehicle emissions and winter maintenance along roadside assessed by snow analyses. Environmental Pollution, 87, 45-49.
Hjortenkrans D.S.T., Bergback B.G. & Haggerud A.V., 2006. New metal emission patterns in road traffic environments. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 111, 85-98.
Hjortenkrans D.S.T., Bergback B.G. & Haggerud A.V., 2007. Metal emissions from brake linings and tires: case studies of Stockholm, Sweden 1995/1998 and 2005. Environmental Science & Technology, 41, 5224-5230.
Hoeganaes Corp., 1990. Friction Powder Grades. Riverton, NJ.
Hooton N.A., 1969. Metal-ceramic composites in high-energy fricyion applications. Bendix Technical Journal, Spring 1969, 55-61.
Hu Z., Shi J., Niu H. & Cai Y., 2012. Synthetic musk fragrances and heavy metals in snow samples of Beijing urban area, China. Atmospheric Research, 104-105, 302-305.
Leśniewska B., Godlewska-Żyłkiewicz B., Boccab B., Caimib S., Carolib S. & Hulanicki A., 2004. Platinum, palladium and rhodium content in road dust, tunnel dust and common grass in Białystok area (Poland): a pilot study. Science of the Total Environment, 321, 93-104.
Magill N. & Sansalone J., 2010. Distribution of particulate-bound metals for source area snow in the Lake Tahoe watershed. Journal of Environmental Engineering, 136, 185-193.
Miguel E., Llamas J.F., Chacon E., Berg T., Larssen S., Royset O. & Vadset M., 1997. Origin and patterns of distribution of trace elements in street dust: unleaded petrol and urban lead. Atmospheric Environment, 31, 2733-2740.
Newman L.B., 1978. Friction Materials - Recent Advances. Noyes Data Corporation, Park Ridge, NJ, 1978.
Nichollson G., 1995. Facts about Friction: A Friction Material Manual Almost All You Need to Know about Manufacturing. Gedoran, America Winchester, VA.
Osterle W., Griepentrog M., Gross Th. & Urban I., 2001. Chemical and microstructural changes induced by friction and wear of brakes. Wear, 251, 1469-1476.
Palacios M., Gomez U.M. & Moldovan M., 2000. Assessment of environmental contamination risk by Pt, Rh and Pd from automobile catalyst. Microchemical Journal, 67, 105-113.
Reinosdotter K. & Viklander M., 2005. A comparison of snow quality in two Swedish municipalities: Lulea and Sundsvall. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, 167, 3-16.
Sansalone J.J. & Buchberger S.G., 1996. Characterization of metals and solids in urban highway winter snow and spring rainfall-runoff. Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 1523, 147-15.
Sansalone J.J., Glenn D.W. & Tribouillard T., 2003. Physical and chemical characteristics of urban snow residuals generated from traffic activities. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, 148, 45-60.
Schauer J.J., Lough G.C., Shafer M.M., Christensen W.F., Arndt M.F., DeMinter J.T. & Park J.S., 2006. Characterization of metals emitted from motor vehicles. Health Effect Institute Research Report, 133, 1-88.
Sloss Industry Corporation [no year]. PMF® Fiber - The preferred Reinforcement in Friction Products. Birmingham.
Vasic M.V., Mihailovic A., Kozmidis-Luburic U., Nemes T., Ninkov J., Zeremski-Skoric T. & Antic B., 2012. Metal contamination of short-term snow cover near urban crossroads: Correlation analysis of metal content and fine particles distribution. Chemosphere, 86, 6, 585-592.
Viskari E.L., Rekila R., Roy S., Lehto O., Ruuskanen J. & Karenlampi L., 1997. Airborne pollutants along a roadside: assessment using snow analyses and moss bag. Environmental Pollution, 97, 153-160.
Westerlund C. & Viklander M., 2006. Particles and associated metals in road runoff during snowmelt and rainfall. Science of The Total Environment, 362, 143-156.
Wieszała R. & Wyciślik A., 2008. An attempt to identify the dust formed by frictional elements of vehicles in road condition. Journal of Engineering. Annals of Faculty of Engineering Hunedoara, 6, 143-148.
Wieszała R., 2006. Wpływ czynników eksploatacyjnych na poziom zanieczyszczeń w trakcie eksploatacji pojazdów [The influence of exploitation factors on the pollution lever during car exploitation]. Poland, Gliwice [Ph.D. thesis, unpublished].
Apeagyei E., Bank M.S. & Spengler J.D., 2011. Distribution of heavy metals in road dust along an urban-rural gradient in Massachusetts. Atmospheric Environment, 45, 13,2310-2323.
Basta N.T., Ryan J.R. & Chaney R.L., 2005. Heavy metal and trace element chemistry in residual-treated soil: a review of impacts on metal bioavailability and sustainable land application, Journal of Environmental Quality, 34, 1, 49-63.
BBU Chemie GmBH 2004 [company materials].
Bizzotto E.C., Villa S., Vaj C. & Vighi M., 2009. Comparison of glacial and non-glacial-fed streams to evaluate the loading of persistent organic pollutants through seasonal snow/ice melt. Chemosphere, 74, 924-930.
Blau P. & Meyer H., 2003. Characteristics of wear particles produced during friction tests of conventional and unconventional disc brake materials. Wear, 255, 1261-1269.
Blau P., 2001. Compositions, functions, and testing of friction brake materials and their their addatives. Oak Ridge National Laboratory UT-B Attelle, Report ORNL/M-5824 for U.S. Department of Energy, 3-24.
Blau P., 2003. Microstructure and detachment mechanism of friction layers on the surface of brake shoes. Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance, 12, 1, 56-60.
Ettala M., Kukkamaki E. & Tamminen A., 1986. The use of vertical snow sampling as an indicator of some emissions from point sources. Aqua Fennica, 16, 91-108.
Fauser P., Tjell J.C., Mosbaek H. & Pilegaard K., 1999. Quantification of tire-tread particles using extractable organic zinc as tracer. Rubber Chemical Technology, 72, 969-977.
Gabrielli P., Cozzi G., Torcini S., Cescon P., & Barbante C., 2008. Trace elements in winter snow of the Dolomites (Italy): a statistical study of natural and anthropogenic contributions. Chemosphere, 72, 1504-1509.
Gajdzik B., Wieszała R. & Wieczorek T., 2012. Identification of the exploitation dust in road dust. Metalurgija, 50, 2, 101-104.
Gregurek D., Melcher F. & Niskavaara H., 1999. Platinum-group elements (Rh, Pt, Pd) and Au distribution in snow samples from the Kola Peninsula, NW Russia. Atmospheric Environment, 33, 3281-3290.
Gregurek D., Reimann C. & Stumpfl E.F., 1998. Trace elements and precious metals in snow samples from the immediate vicinity of nickel processing plants, Kola Peninsula, Northwest Russia. Environmental Pollution, 102, 221-232.
Gudmand-Hoyer A., Bach A., Neilsen G.T. & Per M., 1999. Tribiological properties of automotive disc brakes with solids lubricants. Wear, 232, 168-175.
Gunawardana Ch., Goonetilleke A., Egodawatta P. & Dawes L., 2012. Source characterisation of road dust based on chemical and mineralogical composition. Chemosphere, 87, 2, 163-170.
Hautala E.L., Rekila R., Tarhanen J. & Ruuskanenb J., 1995. Deposition of motor vehicle emissions and winter maintenance along roadside assessed by snow analyses. Environmental Pollution, 87, 45-49.
Hjortenkrans D.S.T., Bergback B.G. & Haggerud A.V., 2006. New metal emission patterns in road traffic environments. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 111, 85-98.
Hjortenkrans D.S.T., Bergback B.G. & Haggerud A.V., 2007. Metal emissions from brake linings and tires: case studies of Stockholm, Sweden 1995/1998 and 2005. Environmental Science & Technology, 41, 5224-5230.
Hoeganaes Corp., 1990. Friction Powder Grades. Riverton, NJ.
Hooton N.A., 1969. Metal-ceramic composites in high-energy fricyion applications. Bendix Technical Journal, Spring 1969, 55-61.
Hu Z., Shi J., Niu H. & Cai Y., 2012. Synthetic musk fragrances and heavy metals in snow samples of Beijing urban area, China. Atmospheric Research, 104-105, 302-305.
Leśniewska B., Godlewska-Żyłkiewicz B., Boccab B., Caimib S., Carolib S. & Hulanicki A., 2004. Platinum, palladium and rhodium content in road dust, tunnel dust and common grass in Białystok area (Poland): a pilot study. Science of the Total Environment, 321, 93-104.
Magill N. & Sansalone J., 2010. Distribution of particulate-bound metals for source area snow in the Lake Tahoe watershed. Journal of Environmental Engineering, 136, 185-193.
Miguel E., Llamas J.F., Chacon E., Berg T., Larssen S., Royset O. & Vadset M., 1997. Origin and patterns of distribution of trace elements in street dust: unleaded petrol and urban lead. Atmospheric Environment, 31, 2733-2740.
Newman L.B., 1978. Friction Materials - Recent Advances. Noyes Data Corporation, Park Ridge, NJ, 1978.
Nichollson G., 1995. Facts about Friction: A Friction Material Manual Almost All You Need to Know about Manufacturing. Gedoran, America Winchester, VA.
Osterle W., Griepentrog M., Gross Th. & Urban I., 2001. Chemical and microstructural changes induced by friction and wear of brakes. Wear, 251, 1469-1476.
Palacios M., Gomez U.M. & Moldovan M., 2000. Assessment of environmental contamination risk by Pt, Rh and Pd from automobile catalyst. Microchemical Journal, 67, 105-113.
Reinosdotter K. & Viklander M., 2005. A comparison of snow quality in two Swedish municipalities: Lulea and Sundsvall. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, 167, 3-16.
Sansalone J.J. & Buchberger S.G., 1996. Characterization of metals and solids in urban highway winter snow and spring rainfall-runoff. Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 1523, 147-15.
Sansalone J.J., Glenn D.W. & Tribouillard T., 2003. Physical and chemical characteristics of urban snow residuals generated from traffic activities. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, 148, 45-60.
Schauer J.J., Lough G.C., Shafer M.M., Christensen W.F., Arndt M.F., DeMinter J.T. & Park J.S., 2006. Characterization of metals emitted from motor vehicles. Health Effect Institute Research Report, 133, 1-88.
Sloss Industry Corporation [no year]. PMF® Fiber - The preferred Reinforcement in Friction Products. Birmingham.
Vasic M.V., Mihailovic A., Kozmidis-Luburic U., Nemes T., Ninkov J., Zeremski-Skoric T. & Antic B., 2012. Metal contamination of short-term snow cover near urban crossroads: Correlation analysis of metal content and fine particles distribution. Chemosphere, 86, 6, 585-592.
Viskari E.L., Rekila R., Roy S., Lehto O., Ruuskanen J. & Karenlampi L., 1997. Airborne pollutants along a roadside: assessment using snow analyses and moss bag. Environmental Pollution, 97, 153-160.
Westerlund C. & Viklander M., 2006. Particles and associated metals in road runoff during snowmelt and rainfall. Science of The Total Environment, 362, 143-156.
Wieszała R. & Wyciślik A., 2008. An attempt to identify the dust formed by frictional elements of vehicles in road condition. Journal of Engineering. Annals of Faculty of Engineering Hunedoara, 6, 143-148.
Wieszała R., 2006. Wpływ czynników eksploatacyjnych na poziom zanieczyszczeń w trakcie eksploatacji pojazdów [The influence of exploitation factors on the pollution lever during car exploitation]. Poland, Gliwice [Ph.D. thesis, unpublished].
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Dec 14, 2013
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Adamiec, E., Wieszała, R., Strzebońska, M., & Jarosz-Krzemińska, E. (2013). An attempt to identify traffic related elements in snow. Geology, Geophysics and Environment, 39(4), 317. https://doi.org/10.7494/geol.2013.39.4.317
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