Lithistid spicules in the sediments of the Turonian Variegated Shale in the Silesian Nappe, Polish Outer Carpathians
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Keywords
Abstrakt
Turbiditic silty and sandy intercalations in the Turonian Variegated Shale from the Silesian Nappe (Polish Outer Carpathians) contain numerous sponge spicules among siliciclastic fine-grained particles. The highest amount of spicule admixture is nearly 50%. In such layers, they create spiculitic sublitharenite microfacies. These sponge spicules contain forms belonging mostly to the Lithistida group (97% of morphotypes), with a small admixture of spicules from the Hexactinellidae group. Tetraclones with a high content of different types of triaenes dominate among desmas, what indicates the dominance of sponges from subfamily Tetracladina. The preservation state of spicules is generally poor. The Variegated Shale deposits that contain the sponge spicules were accumulated in a deep sea basin, below the calcium compensation depth. Most probably, the spicules were derived from loose material accumulated earlier in various parts of the basin slopes, from which they were exhumed and again redeposited by turbidity currents during the Turonian times.
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Bibliografia
Bąk K., 2006. Sedimentological, geochemical and microfaunal responses to environmental changes around the Cenomanian–Turonian boundary in the Outer Carpathian Basin; a record from the Subsilesian Nappe, Poland. Palaeogeography, Palaeoecology, Palaeoclimatology, 237, 335–358.
Alexandrowicz S.W., 1973. Gaize-type sediments in the Carpathian flysch. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Monatshefte Jg., Stuttgard H., 1, 1–17.
Bąk K., 2007a. Deep-water facies succession around the Cenomanian–Turonian boundary in the Outer Carpathian Basin: sedimentary, biotic and chemical records in the Silesian Nappe, Poland. Palaeogeography, Palaeoecology, Palaeoclimatology, 248, 255–290.
Bąk K., 2007b. Changes in oxygenation of bottom sea water around the Cenomanian–Turonian boundary in marginal part of the Outer Carpathian Basin expressed by microfacies, microfossils and chemical records in the Skole Nappe (Poland). Annales Societatis Geologorum Poloniae, 77, 39–67.
Bąk K. 2007c. Organic-rich and manganese sedimentation during the Cenomanian–Turonian boundary event in the Outer Carpathian Basin, a new record from the Skole Nappe, Poland. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 256: 21–46.
Bąk K., 2007d. Environmental changes during the Cenomanian–Turonian boundary event in the Outer Carpathian basins: a synthesis of data from various tectonic-facies units. Annales Societatis Geologorum Poloniae, 77, 171–191.
Bąk K., Bąk M. & Paul Z., 2001. Barnasiówka Radiolarian Shale Formation – a new lithostratigraphic unit in the Upper Cenomanian–lowermost Turonian of the Polish Outer Carpathians (Silesian series). Annales Societatis Geologorum Poloniae, 71, 75–103.
Bąk M., 2000. Radiolaria from the Upper Cenomanian–Lower Turonian deposits of the Silesian Unit (Polish Flysch Carpathians). Geologica Carpathica, 51, 309–324.
Bąk M., 2011. Tethyan radiolarians at the Cenomanian–Turonian Anoxic Event from the Apennines (Umbria-Marche) and the Outer Carpathians: Palaeoecological and Palaeoenvironmental implications. [in:] Tyszka J. (ed.), Methods and Applications in Micropalaeontology. Part II. Studia Geologica Polonica, 134, 1–279.
Bąk M., Bąk K. & Ciurej A., 2005. Mid-Cretaceous spicule-rich turbidites in Silesian Nappe of the Polish Outer Carpathians: radiolarian and foraminifera biostratigraphy. Geological Quarterly, 49, 275–290.
Bąk M., Bąk K. & Ciurej A., 2011. Palaeoenvironmental signal from the microfossils record in the Mikuszowice Cherts of the Silesian Nappe, Polish Outer Carpathians. [in:] Bąk M., Kaminski M.A. & Waśkowska A. (eds), Integrating Microfossil Record from the Oceans and Epicontinetal Seas, Grzybowski Fundation Special Publication, 17, 15–25.
Bąk M., Waśkowska A., Ciurej A. & Michalik M., 2013. Skały krzemionkowe okolic Myślenic jako prawdopodobny surowiec dla dawnych hut szkła. [Siliceous rocks in the area of Myślenice as the potentially occurring raw materials for the former glass-works]. Przegląd Górniczy, 69 (3), 17–23.
Bieda F., Geroch S., Koszarski L., Książkiewicz M. & Żytko K., 1963. Stratigraphie des Karpathes externes polonaises. Biuletyn Instytutu Geologicznego, 181, 5–174.
Bryndal T., 2011. Identyfikacja małych zlewni podatnych na formowanie gwałtownych wezbrań na przykładzie Pogórza Dynowskiego, Strzyżowskiego i Przemyskiego. Przegląd Geograficzny, 83, 5–26. (with English summary)
Burtan J. (ed.), 1964a. Szczegółowa Mapa Geologiczna Polski (bez utworów czwartorzędowych); Rejon Karpat i Przedgórza: arkusz Myślenice [Detailed Geological Map of Poland in scale 1:50,000 (without Quaternary sediments); the Carpathian and Fore-Carpathian area: Myślenice sheet], Wydawnictwa Geologiczne, Warszawa.
Burtan J. (ed.), 1964b. Szczegółowa Mapa Geologiczna Polski (bez utworów czwartorzędowych); Rejon Karpat i Przedgórza: arkusz Wisła [Detailed Geological Map of Poland in scale 1:50,000 (without Quaternary sediments); the Carpathian and Fore-Carpathian area: Wisła sheet]. Wydawnictwa Geologiczne, Warszawa.
Burtan J. (ed.), 1964c. Szczegółowa Mapa Geologiczna Polski (bez utworów czwartorzędowych); Rejon Karpat i Przedgórza: arkusz Mszana Dolna [Detailed Geological Map of Poland in scale 1:50,000 (without Quaternary sediments); the Carpathian and Fore-Carpathian area: Mszana Dolna sheet]. Wydawnictwa Geologiczne, Warszawa.
Burtan J. & Szymakowska F. (eds), 1964. Szczegółowa Mapa Geologiczna Polski (bez utworów czwartorzędowych); Rejon Karpat i Przedgórza: arkusz Osielec [Detailed Geological Map of Poland in scale 1:50,000 (without Quaternary sediments); the Carpathian and Fore-Carpathian area: Osielec sheet], Wydawnictwa Geologiczne, Warszawa.
Csontos L. & Vörös A., 2004. Mesozoic plate tectonic reconstruction of the Carpathian region. Palaeogeography, Palaeoecology, Palaeoclimatology, 210, 1–56.
De Laubenfels M.W. 1955. Archaeocyatha and Porifera. [in:] Moore, R.C. (ed.), Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, part E, 1–113.
Folk R.L., 1959. Practical petrographic classification of limestones. American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, 43, 1–38.
Folk R.L., 1962, Spectral subdivision of limestone types. [in:] Ham W.E. (ed.), Classification of carbonate rocks. American Association of Petroleum Geologists Memoir, 1, 62–84.
Folk R.L., 1974. Petrology of Sedimentary Rocks. Hemphill Publishing Co., Austin, TX, 182 pp.
Gasse W., Göecke R. & Hilpert K.H., 1991. The hexactinellid sponge genus Becksia Schlüter, 1868 from the Campanian of the NW Münsterland (Upper Cretaceous, NW Germany). [in:] Reitner J. & Keupp H. (eds), Fossil and Recent Sponges. Springer Verlag, Berlin, 21–35.
Golonka J., Oszczypko N. & Ślączka A., 2000. Late Carboniferous–Neogene geodynamic evolution and palaeogeography of the circum-Carpathian region and adjacent areas. Annales Societatis Geologorum Poloniae, 70, 107–136.
Kauffman E.G., Herm D., Johnson C.C., Harries P. & Efling R.H., 2000. The ecology of Cenomanian lithistid sponge frameworks, Regensburg area, Germany. Lethaia, 33, 214–235.
Książkiewicz M., 1936. La structure de la zone de Lanckorona. Bulletin de L'Academie Polonaise des Sciences, Série A, 299–314.
Książkiewicz M., 1956. Geology of the Northern Carpathians. Geologische Rundschau, 45, 396–411.
Książkiewicz M. (ed.), 1962. Geological Atlas of Poland; Stratigraphic and Facial Problems, vol. 13. Cretaceous and Older Paleogene in the Polish Outer Carpathians. Instytut Geologiczny, Wydawnictwa Geologiczne, Warszawa, 20 maps, 20 pp. explanatory notes.
Książkiewicz M., 1975. Bathymetry of the Carpathian Flysch Basin. Acta Geologica Polonica, 43, 131–149.
Książkiewicz, M., 1977. Hypothesis of plate tectonics and the origin of the Carpathians. Annales Societatis Geologorum Poloniae, 47, 329–353.
Miller K.G., Kominz M.A., Browning J.V., Wright J.D., Mountain G.S., Katz M.E., Sugarman P.J., Cramer B.S., Christie-Blick N. & Pekar S.F., 2005. The Phanerozoic record of global sea-level change. Science, 310, 1293–1298.
Müller R.D., Sdrolias M., Gaina C., Steinberger B. & Heine C., 2008. Long-term sea-level fluctuations driven by ocean basin dynamics. Science, 319, 1357–1362.
Nestler H., 1961. Spongien aus der weissen Schreibkreide (unt. Maastricht) der Insel Rügen (Ostsee). Paläontologische Abhandlungen, 1, 1–70.
Neuhuber S., Wagreich M., Wendler I. & Spötl C., 2007. Turonian oceanic red beds in the Eastern Alps: Concepts for palaeoceanographic changes in the Mediterranean Tethys. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 251, 222–238.
Okoński S., 2012. Analiza najstarszych pstrych głębokomorskich osadów basenu śląskiego Karpat Zewnętrznych (górna kreda) w oparciu o odsłonięcie na Grzbiecie Barnasiówki koło Myślenic. Praca magisterska, Instytut Geografii, Uniwersytet Pedagogiczny, Kraków, 1–47.
Oszczypko N., 2004. The structural position and tectonosedimentary evolution of the Polish Outer Carpathians. Przegląd Geologiczny, 52, 780–791.
Oszczypko N., 2006. Late Jurassic-Miocene evolution of the Outer Carpathian fold-and thrust belt and its foredeep basin (Western Carpathians, Poland). Geological Quarterly, 50, 169–194.
Pettijohn F.J., Potter P.E. & Siever R., 1972. Sand and sandstone. Springer-Verlag, New York, 16, 618 pp.
Pisera A., 1997. Upper Jurassic siliceous sponges from the Swabian Alb: taxonomy and paleoecology. Palaeontologia Polonica, 57, 1–214.
Reid R.E.H., 1962. Sponges and the Chalk Rock. Geological Magazine, 99, 273–278.
Sageman B.B., Meyers S.R. & Arthur M.A., 2006. Orbital time scale and new C-isotope record for Cenomanian–Turonian boundary stratotype. Geology, 34, 125–128.
Sahagian D., Pinous O., Olferiev A., Zakaharov V. & Beisel A., 1996. Eustatic curve for the middle Jurassic–Cretaceous based on Russian platform and Siberian stratigraphy: Zonal resolution. American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, 80, 1433–1458.
Słomka T., 1995. Głebokomorska sedymentacja silikoklastyczna warstw godulskich Karpat. [Deep-marine siliciclastic sedimentation of the Godula Beds, Carpathians]. Prace Geologiczne, Polska Akademia Nauk – Oddział w Krakowie, 139, 1–132 (with English summary).
Soest R.W.M. & van Stentoft N., 1988. Barbados deep-water sponges. Studies on the Fauna of Curaçao and other Caribbean Islands, 70, 1–175.
Sujkowski Z., 1933. Sur certains spongiolithes de la Tatra et des Karpates (in Polish with French summary). Sprawozdania – Państwowy Instytut Geologiczny, 7, 712–733.
Unrug R., 1959. Spostrzeżenia nad sedymentacją warstw lgockich. [On the sedimentation of the Lgota beds]. Rocznik Polskiego Towarzystwa Geologicznego, 29, 197–225.
Unrug R., 1977. Ancient deep-sea traction currents deposits in the Lgota beds (Albian) of the Carpathian Flysch. Rocznik Polskiego Towarzystwa Geologicznego, 47, 355–370.
Wiedenmayer F., 1980. Siliceous sponges; Development trough time. [in:] Hartman W.D., Wendt J.W. & Wiedenmayer F. (eds), Living and fossil sponges. Notes for a short course. Sedimenta, 8, 55–85.
Żytko K., 1999. Korelacja głównych strukturalnych jednostek Karpat Zachodnich i Wschodnich. Prace Państwowego Instytutu Geologicznego, 168, 135–164.
Alexandrowicz S.W., 1973. Gaize-type sediments in the Carpathian flysch. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Monatshefte Jg., Stuttgard H., 1, 1–17.
Bąk K., 2007a. Deep-water facies succession around the Cenomanian–Turonian boundary in the Outer Carpathian Basin: sedimentary, biotic and chemical records in the Silesian Nappe, Poland. Palaeogeography, Palaeoecology, Palaeoclimatology, 248, 255–290.
Bąk K., 2007b. Changes in oxygenation of bottom sea water around the Cenomanian–Turonian boundary in marginal part of the Outer Carpathian Basin expressed by microfacies, microfossils and chemical records in the Skole Nappe (Poland). Annales Societatis Geologorum Poloniae, 77, 39–67.
Bąk K. 2007c. Organic-rich and manganese sedimentation during the Cenomanian–Turonian boundary event in the Outer Carpathian Basin, a new record from the Skole Nappe, Poland. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 256: 21–46.
Bąk K., 2007d. Environmental changes during the Cenomanian–Turonian boundary event in the Outer Carpathian basins: a synthesis of data from various tectonic-facies units. Annales Societatis Geologorum Poloniae, 77, 171–191.
Bąk K., Bąk M. & Paul Z., 2001. Barnasiówka Radiolarian Shale Formation – a new lithostratigraphic unit in the Upper Cenomanian–lowermost Turonian of the Polish Outer Carpathians (Silesian series). Annales Societatis Geologorum Poloniae, 71, 75–103.
Bąk M., 2000. Radiolaria from the Upper Cenomanian–Lower Turonian deposits of the Silesian Unit (Polish Flysch Carpathians). Geologica Carpathica, 51, 309–324.
Bąk M., 2011. Tethyan radiolarians at the Cenomanian–Turonian Anoxic Event from the Apennines (Umbria-Marche) and the Outer Carpathians: Palaeoecological and Palaeoenvironmental implications. [in:] Tyszka J. (ed.), Methods and Applications in Micropalaeontology. Part II. Studia Geologica Polonica, 134, 1–279.
Bąk M., Bąk K. & Ciurej A., 2005. Mid-Cretaceous spicule-rich turbidites in Silesian Nappe of the Polish Outer Carpathians: radiolarian and foraminifera biostratigraphy. Geological Quarterly, 49, 275–290.
Bąk M., Bąk K. & Ciurej A., 2011. Palaeoenvironmental signal from the microfossils record in the Mikuszowice Cherts of the Silesian Nappe, Polish Outer Carpathians. [in:] Bąk M., Kaminski M.A. & Waśkowska A. (eds), Integrating Microfossil Record from the Oceans and Epicontinetal Seas, Grzybowski Fundation Special Publication, 17, 15–25.
Bąk M., Waśkowska A., Ciurej A. & Michalik M., 2013. Skały krzemionkowe okolic Myślenic jako prawdopodobny surowiec dla dawnych hut szkła. [Siliceous rocks in the area of Myślenice as the potentially occurring raw materials for the former glass-works]. Przegląd Górniczy, 69 (3), 17–23.
Bieda F., Geroch S., Koszarski L., Książkiewicz M. & Żytko K., 1963. Stratigraphie des Karpathes externes polonaises. Biuletyn Instytutu Geologicznego, 181, 5–174.
Bryndal T., 2011. Identyfikacja małych zlewni podatnych na formowanie gwałtownych wezbrań na przykładzie Pogórza Dynowskiego, Strzyżowskiego i Przemyskiego. Przegląd Geograficzny, 83, 5–26. (with English summary)
Burtan J. (ed.), 1964a. Szczegółowa Mapa Geologiczna Polski (bez utworów czwartorzędowych); Rejon Karpat i Przedgórza: arkusz Myślenice [Detailed Geological Map of Poland in scale 1:50,000 (without Quaternary sediments); the Carpathian and Fore-Carpathian area: Myślenice sheet], Wydawnictwa Geologiczne, Warszawa.
Burtan J. (ed.), 1964b. Szczegółowa Mapa Geologiczna Polski (bez utworów czwartorzędowych); Rejon Karpat i Przedgórza: arkusz Wisła [Detailed Geological Map of Poland in scale 1:50,000 (without Quaternary sediments); the Carpathian and Fore-Carpathian area: Wisła sheet]. Wydawnictwa Geologiczne, Warszawa.
Burtan J. (ed.), 1964c. Szczegółowa Mapa Geologiczna Polski (bez utworów czwartorzędowych); Rejon Karpat i Przedgórza: arkusz Mszana Dolna [Detailed Geological Map of Poland in scale 1:50,000 (without Quaternary sediments); the Carpathian and Fore-Carpathian area: Mszana Dolna sheet]. Wydawnictwa Geologiczne, Warszawa.
Burtan J. & Szymakowska F. (eds), 1964. Szczegółowa Mapa Geologiczna Polski (bez utworów czwartorzędowych); Rejon Karpat i Przedgórza: arkusz Osielec [Detailed Geological Map of Poland in scale 1:50,000 (without Quaternary sediments); the Carpathian and Fore-Carpathian area: Osielec sheet], Wydawnictwa Geologiczne, Warszawa.
Csontos L. & Vörös A., 2004. Mesozoic plate tectonic reconstruction of the Carpathian region. Palaeogeography, Palaeoecology, Palaeoclimatology, 210, 1–56.
De Laubenfels M.W. 1955. Archaeocyatha and Porifera. [in:] Moore, R.C. (ed.), Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, part E, 1–113.
Folk R.L., 1959. Practical petrographic classification of limestones. American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, 43, 1–38.
Folk R.L., 1962, Spectral subdivision of limestone types. [in:] Ham W.E. (ed.), Classification of carbonate rocks. American Association of Petroleum Geologists Memoir, 1, 62–84.
Folk R.L., 1974. Petrology of Sedimentary Rocks. Hemphill Publishing Co., Austin, TX, 182 pp.
Gasse W., Göecke R. & Hilpert K.H., 1991. The hexactinellid sponge genus Becksia Schlüter, 1868 from the Campanian of the NW Münsterland (Upper Cretaceous, NW Germany). [in:] Reitner J. & Keupp H. (eds), Fossil and Recent Sponges. Springer Verlag, Berlin, 21–35.
Golonka J., Oszczypko N. & Ślączka A., 2000. Late Carboniferous–Neogene geodynamic evolution and palaeogeography of the circum-Carpathian region and adjacent areas. Annales Societatis Geologorum Poloniae, 70, 107–136.
Kauffman E.G., Herm D., Johnson C.C., Harries P. & Efling R.H., 2000. The ecology of Cenomanian lithistid sponge frameworks, Regensburg area, Germany. Lethaia, 33, 214–235.
Książkiewicz M., 1936. La structure de la zone de Lanckorona. Bulletin de L'Academie Polonaise des Sciences, Série A, 299–314.
Książkiewicz M., 1956. Geology of the Northern Carpathians. Geologische Rundschau, 45, 396–411.
Książkiewicz M. (ed.), 1962. Geological Atlas of Poland; Stratigraphic and Facial Problems, vol. 13. Cretaceous and Older Paleogene in the Polish Outer Carpathians. Instytut Geologiczny, Wydawnictwa Geologiczne, Warszawa, 20 maps, 20 pp. explanatory notes.
Książkiewicz M., 1975. Bathymetry of the Carpathian Flysch Basin. Acta Geologica Polonica, 43, 131–149.
Książkiewicz, M., 1977. Hypothesis of plate tectonics and the origin of the Carpathians. Annales Societatis Geologorum Poloniae, 47, 329–353.
Miller K.G., Kominz M.A., Browning J.V., Wright J.D., Mountain G.S., Katz M.E., Sugarman P.J., Cramer B.S., Christie-Blick N. & Pekar S.F., 2005. The Phanerozoic record of global sea-level change. Science, 310, 1293–1298.
Müller R.D., Sdrolias M., Gaina C., Steinberger B. & Heine C., 2008. Long-term sea-level fluctuations driven by ocean basin dynamics. Science, 319, 1357–1362.
Nestler H., 1961. Spongien aus der weissen Schreibkreide (unt. Maastricht) der Insel Rügen (Ostsee). Paläontologische Abhandlungen, 1, 1–70.
Neuhuber S., Wagreich M., Wendler I. & Spötl C., 2007. Turonian oceanic red beds in the Eastern Alps: Concepts for palaeoceanographic changes in the Mediterranean Tethys. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 251, 222–238.
Okoński S., 2012. Analiza najstarszych pstrych głębokomorskich osadów basenu śląskiego Karpat Zewnętrznych (górna kreda) w oparciu o odsłonięcie na Grzbiecie Barnasiówki koło Myślenic. Praca magisterska, Instytut Geografii, Uniwersytet Pedagogiczny, Kraków, 1–47.
Oszczypko N., 2004. The structural position and tectonosedimentary evolution of the Polish Outer Carpathians. Przegląd Geologiczny, 52, 780–791.
Oszczypko N., 2006. Late Jurassic-Miocene evolution of the Outer Carpathian fold-and thrust belt and its foredeep basin (Western Carpathians, Poland). Geological Quarterly, 50, 169–194.
Pettijohn F.J., Potter P.E. & Siever R., 1972. Sand and sandstone. Springer-Verlag, New York, 16, 618 pp.
Pisera A., 1997. Upper Jurassic siliceous sponges from the Swabian Alb: taxonomy and paleoecology. Palaeontologia Polonica, 57, 1–214.
Reid R.E.H., 1962. Sponges and the Chalk Rock. Geological Magazine, 99, 273–278.
Sageman B.B., Meyers S.R. & Arthur M.A., 2006. Orbital time scale and new C-isotope record for Cenomanian–Turonian boundary stratotype. Geology, 34, 125–128.
Sahagian D., Pinous O., Olferiev A., Zakaharov V. & Beisel A., 1996. Eustatic curve for the middle Jurassic–Cretaceous based on Russian platform and Siberian stratigraphy: Zonal resolution. American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, 80, 1433–1458.
Słomka T., 1995. Głebokomorska sedymentacja silikoklastyczna warstw godulskich Karpat. [Deep-marine siliciclastic sedimentation of the Godula Beds, Carpathians]. Prace Geologiczne, Polska Akademia Nauk – Oddział w Krakowie, 139, 1–132 (with English summary).
Soest R.W.M. & van Stentoft N., 1988. Barbados deep-water sponges. Studies on the Fauna of Curaçao and other Caribbean Islands, 70, 1–175.
Sujkowski Z., 1933. Sur certains spongiolithes de la Tatra et des Karpates (in Polish with French summary). Sprawozdania – Państwowy Instytut Geologiczny, 7, 712–733.
Unrug R., 1959. Spostrzeżenia nad sedymentacją warstw lgockich. [On the sedimentation of the Lgota beds]. Rocznik Polskiego Towarzystwa Geologicznego, 29, 197–225.
Unrug R., 1977. Ancient deep-sea traction currents deposits in the Lgota beds (Albian) of the Carpathian Flysch. Rocznik Polskiego Towarzystwa Geologicznego, 47, 355–370.
Wiedenmayer F., 1980. Siliceous sponges; Development trough time. [in:] Hartman W.D., Wendt J.W. & Wiedenmayer F. (eds), Living and fossil sponges. Notes for a short course. Sedimenta, 8, 55–85.
Żytko K., 1999. Korelacja głównych strukturalnych jednostek Karpat Zachodnich i Wschodnich. Prace Państwowego Instytutu Geologicznego, 168, 135–164.
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Okoński, S. P., Górny, Z., Bąk, M., & Bąk, K. (2014). Lithistid spicules in the sediments of the Turonian Variegated Shale in the Silesian Nappe, Polish Outer Carpathians. Geology, Geophysics and Environment, 40(1), 33. https://doi.org/10.7494/geol.2014.39.1.33
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