Spatial distribution of radiogenic heat in the Iullemmeden basin – Precambrian basement transition zone, NW Nigeria
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The area which transcends the Precambrian basement complex onto the Sokoto sector of the Iullemme-den basin in northwestern Nigeria presents a unique prospect for geothermal exploration research in the absence of regional heat production data, despite its tectonic history and depositional characteristics. In this study, geophysical exploration employing radiometric technique was adopted to classify the petrologic units within the fringes of the Iullemmeden basin and the adjoining crystalline basement complex so as to estimate the radiogenic heat potential within the terrain that may support geothermal considerations. Airborne radiometric measurements acquired over the area were digitized and processed to obtain radioelement concentration maps and the K/Th/U ternary map. Results show that the ranges of measured concentrations of 40K, 238U and 232Th are 4.6 to 18.9%, 0.7 to 4.9 ppm and 4.6 to 18.9 ppm respectively. Radiogenic heat estimation derived from radioelement data within eight petrologic units comprising quaternary sediments, schist, carbonates, shale/clay, younger granites, older granites, gneissic rock and migmatite showed that the lowest radiogenic heat production estimates ranging from 0.27–0.66 μW∙m−3 were recorded in the sedimentary terrain within the quaternary sediments while the highest radiogenic heat production values of between 2.04 to 2.34 μW∙m−3 were recorded in the basement com-plex within gneissic rocks. The spatial distribution of radiogenic heat in the area showed an increased heat gradient within the basement complex and a diminishing heat gradient over the Iullemmeded basin.
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Bibliografia
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Abbady A., 2010. Evaluation of heat generation by radioactive decay of sedimentary rocks in Eastern Desert and Nile Valley, Egypt. Applied Radiation and Isotopes, 68, 10, 2010-2024.
Aisabokhae J.E. & Oresajo B., 2019. The magnetic response of hydrothermal alteration in iron-oxide basement complex, NW Nigeria, Geology, Geophysics and Environment Journal, 45, 2, 145-156. http://dx.doi.org/10.7494/geol.2019.45.2.145.
Aisabokhae J.E., 2019. Geophysical classification of the basement complex of Kebbi State, northwestern Nigeria. Ph.D. Thesis. Department of Earth Sciences, Faculty of Science, Adekunle Ajasin University, Akungba, Nigeria.
Beamish D., 2013a. Gamma ray attenuation in the soils of Northern Ireland, with special reference to peat. Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, 115, 13–27.
Beamish D., 2013b. Peat mapping associations of airborne radiometric survey data. Remote Sensing, 6, 521–539. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs6010521.
Beamish D., 2015. Relationships between gamma-ray attenuation and soils in SW England. Geoderma, 05, 174–186. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2015.05.018.
Beamish D., Howard A.S., Ward E.K., White J. & Young M.E., 2014. Tellus South West Airborne Geophysical Data. Natural Environment Research Council, British Geological Survey. https://doi.org/10.5285/73848363-57C1-480A-A64E-C732E15C4B37.
Bello S., Zakari Y.I., Muhammad B.G., Chiromawa N.L. & Saribu A.Y., 2016. Environmental radioactivity assessment of Dana steel limited dump site, Katsina State, Nigeria. Journal of Natural and Applied Science, 5, 2, 159-166.
Carvalho M., Fernando P., Oliveira J.M. & Alberto G., 2011. Factors affecting 210Po and 210Pb activity concentrations in mussels and implications for environmental biomonitoring programmes. Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, 102, 2, 128–137.
Cermak V., Huckenholz H.G., Rybach L. & Schmid R., 1982. Radioactive heat generation in rocks. [in:] Landolt-Bornstein numerical data and functional relationships in science and technology. Sub-volume b. [in:] Hellwege K., (eds.), physical properties of rocks. New series; Group V. Geophysics and space research, Heidelberg, New York, 49-94.
Dentith M. & Mudge S.T., 2014. Geophysics for the mineral exploration geoscientist, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Erdi-Krausz G., Matolin M., Minty B., Nicolet J., Redford W.S. & Schetselaar E.M., 2003. Guidelines for Radioelement Mapping Using Gamma Ray Spectrometry Data. International Atomic Energy Agency.
Faanu A., Adukpo K.O., Tettey-Larbi L., Lawluvi H., Kpeglo D.O., Efa O. et al. (2016). Natural radioactivity level in soils, rocks and water at a mining concession of Perseus gold mine and surrounding towns in Central Region of Ghana. Springerplus, 5, 89-98. http://doi.10.1186/s40064-016-1716-5
Fitches W.R., Ajibade A.C., Egbuniwe I.G., Holt R.W. & Wright J.B., 1985. Late Proterozoic schist belts and plutonism in NW Nigeria, Journal of Geological Society London. 142, 319-337.
Garba I., 2003. Geochemical characteristics of mesothermal gold mineralization in Pan-African (600 + 150 Ma) basement of Nigeria. Applied Earth Science, 112, 319-325.
Gatis N., Luscombe D.J, Carless D., Parry L.E., Fyfe R.M., Harrod T.R., Brazier R.E. & Anderson K., 2019. Mapping upland peat depth using airborne radiometric and lidar survey data. Geoderma, 335, 78-87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2018.07.041.
Girigisu S., Ibeanu G., Adeyemo D.J., Onoja R.A., Bappah I.A. & Okoh S., 2013. Assessment of radiological levels in soils from artisanal gold mining exercises at Awwal, Kebbi State, Nigeria. Research Journal of Applied Sciences, Engineering and Technology 7, 14, 2899-2904. https://doi.org/10.19026/rjaset.7.618
Haack U., 1982. Radioactive isotopes on rocks. [in:] Angenheister G., (eds.), Physical properties of Rocks. Landolt-Bornstein: Numerical Data and Functional Relationships in Science and Technology, Group V: Geophysics and Space Research, 1b, Springer, Berlin, 433-481.
Ibe F.C., Opara A.I., Duru C.E., Obinna I.B. & Enedoh M.C., 2020. Statistical analysis of atmospheric pollutant concentration in parts of Imo State, southeastern Nigeria. Scientific African, 7, 1-27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sciaf.2019.e00237
Ibrahim U., Akpa T.C. & Daniel I.H., 2013. Assessment of radioactivity concentration in soil of some mining areas in Central Nasarawa State, Nigeria. Science World Journal, 8, 2, 7-12.
Kogbe C., 1979. Geology of the south-eastern sector of the Iullemmeden Basin. Bulletin of Department of Geology, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria. 2, 1, 34-78.
Manger E.G., 1963. Porosity and bulk density of sedimentary rocks. Geological Survey Bulletin, 1144, United States Printing Office, Washington.
Matolin M., 1997. Terrestrial gamma dose rate maps, their compilation and verification – Radiometric map of the Czech Republic. https://www.osti.gov/etdeweb/servlets/purl/616970 (last accessed February, 2020)
Minty B.R.S., 1997. Fundamental of airborne gamma-ray spectrometry. AGSO Journal of Australia Geology and Geophysics, 17, 39–50.
Mukai M., Yamaguchi T., Komura K., Furumoto M. & Nagao T., 1999. Measurement of radioactive heat generation in rocks by means of gamma ray spectrometry. Proceedings of Japanese Academy, 75, 7, 181-185.
Obaje N.G., 2009. Geology and mineral resources of Nigeria, Springer Dordrecht, London, UK.
Ramadan T.M. & Abdel Fattah M.F., 2010. Characteristics of gold mineralization in Garin Hawal area, Kebbi State, NW Nigeria, using remote sensing. The Egyptian Journal of Remote Sensing and Space Science, 13, 153–163. http://doi:10.1016/j.ejrs.2009.08.001.
Rawlins B.G., Lark R.M. & Webster R., 2007. Understanding airborne radiometric survey signals across part of eastern England. Earth Surface Processes, 32, 1503–1515. https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.1468.
Reda A.Y., El Qassas M., Salaheldin S.M. & Assran T., Abdel Fattah
A, & Rashed M.A., 2020. Airborne gamma-ray spectrometric data interpretation on Wadi Queih and Wadi Safaga area, Central Eastern Desert, Egypt, NRIAG Journal of Astronomy and Geophysics, 9, 1, 155-167, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/20909977.2020.1728893.
Rybach L., 1976. Radioactive heat production; A physical property determined by the chemistry in the physical and chemistry of minerals and rocks. A Wiley- Interscience publication.
Rybach L., 1988. Determination of heat production rate. Handbook of terrestrial heat-flow density determination, Kluwer academic Publishers.
Rybach L., Werner D., Mueller S. & Berset G., 1977. Heat flow, heat production and crustal dynamics in the Central Alps, Switzerland. Tectonophysics, 41, 113-126.
Salem A., Elsirafy A., Sachio E. & Ushijima K., 2005. Mapping radioactive heat production from airborne spectral gamma-ray data of Gebel duwi area, Egypt. Proceeding of world geothermal congress. Antalya, Turkey.
Samwell O., 2010. Radiometric survey and estimation of radiation exposure from Archean rocks: A case study of Migori gold belt company, Kenya. M.Sc. Dissertation, School of Pure and Applied Sciences, Kenyatta University, Kenya.
Saxov S. & Abrahamsen N., 1964. Some rock densities in Bornholm. Geologiska Foreningen I Stockholm Forhandlinger, 86, 1, 83-95. https://doi.org/10.1080/11035897.1964.9626368
Scott B.R., 2007. Health Risk Evaluations for Ingestion Exposure of Humans to Polonium-210. Dose-Response. Publication of International Hormesis Society, 5, 94–122.
UNSCEAR, 2000. Sources and effects of ionizing radiation. New York: United Nations.
Usikalu M.R., Rabiu A.B., Oyeyemi K.D., Achuka J.A. & Maaza M., 2017. Radiation hazard in soil from Ajaokuta, North Central, Nigeria. International Journal of Radiation Research, 15, 2, 219-224. https://doi.org/10.18869/acadpub.ijrr.15.2.219.
Abbady A., 2010. Evaluation of heat generation by radioactive decay of sedimentary rocks in Eastern Desert and Nile Valley, Egypt. Applied Radiation and Isotopes, 68, 10, 2010-2024.
Aisabokhae J.E. & Oresajo B., 2019. The magnetic response of hydrothermal alteration in iron-oxide basement complex, NW Nigeria, Geology, Geophysics and Environment Journal, 45, 2, 145-156. http://dx.doi.org/10.7494/geol.2019.45.2.145.
Aisabokhae J.E., 2019. Geophysical classification of the basement complex of Kebbi State, northwestern Nigeria. Ph.D. Thesis. Department of Earth Sciences, Faculty of Science, Adekunle Ajasin University, Akungba, Nigeria.
Beamish D., 2013a. Gamma ray attenuation in the soils of Northern Ireland, with special reference to peat. Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, 115, 13–27.
Beamish D., 2013b. Peat mapping associations of airborne radiometric survey data. Remote Sensing, 6, 521–539. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs6010521.
Beamish D., 2015. Relationships between gamma-ray attenuation and soils in SW England. Geoderma, 05, 174–186. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2015.05.018.
Beamish D., Howard A.S., Ward E.K., White J. & Young M.E., 2014. Tellus South West Airborne Geophysical Data. Natural Environment Research Council, British Geological Survey. https://doi.org/10.5285/73848363-57C1-480A-A64E-C732E15C4B37.
Bello S., Zakari Y.I., Muhammad B.G., Chiromawa N.L. & Saribu A.Y., 2016. Environmental radioactivity assessment of Dana steel limited dump site, Katsina State, Nigeria. Journal of Natural and Applied Science, 5, 2, 159-166.
Carvalho M., Fernando P., Oliveira J.M. & Alberto G., 2011. Factors affecting 210Po and 210Pb activity concentrations in mussels and implications for environmental biomonitoring programmes. Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, 102, 2, 128–137.
Cermak V., Huckenholz H.G., Rybach L. & Schmid R., 1982. Radioactive heat generation in rocks. [in:] Landolt-Bornstein numerical data and functional relationships in science and technology. Sub-volume b. [in:] Hellwege K., (eds.), physical properties of rocks. New series; Group V. Geophysics and space research, Heidelberg, New York, 49-94.
Dentith M. & Mudge S.T., 2014. Geophysics for the mineral exploration geoscientist, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Erdi-Krausz G., Matolin M., Minty B., Nicolet J., Redford W.S. & Schetselaar E.M., 2003. Guidelines for Radioelement Mapping Using Gamma Ray Spectrometry Data. International Atomic Energy Agency.
Faanu A., Adukpo K.O., Tettey-Larbi L., Lawluvi H., Kpeglo D.O., Efa O. et al. (2016). Natural radioactivity level in soils, rocks and water at a mining concession of Perseus gold mine and surrounding towns in Central Region of Ghana. Springerplus, 5, 89-98. http://doi.10.1186/s40064-016-1716-5
Fitches W.R., Ajibade A.C., Egbuniwe I.G., Holt R.W. & Wright J.B., 1985. Late Proterozoic schist belts and plutonism in NW Nigeria, Journal of Geological Society London. 142, 319-337.
Garba I., 2003. Geochemical characteristics of mesothermal gold mineralization in Pan-African (600 + 150 Ma) basement of Nigeria. Applied Earth Science, 112, 319-325.
Gatis N., Luscombe D.J, Carless D., Parry L.E., Fyfe R.M., Harrod T.R., Brazier R.E. & Anderson K., 2019. Mapping upland peat depth using airborne radiometric and lidar survey data. Geoderma, 335, 78-87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2018.07.041.
Girigisu S., Ibeanu G., Adeyemo D.J., Onoja R.A., Bappah I.A. & Okoh S., 2013. Assessment of radiological levels in soils from artisanal gold mining exercises at Awwal, Kebbi State, Nigeria. Research Journal of Applied Sciences, Engineering and Technology 7, 14, 2899-2904. https://doi.org/10.19026/rjaset.7.618
Haack U., 1982. Radioactive isotopes on rocks. [in:] Angenheister G., (eds.), Physical properties of Rocks. Landolt-Bornstein: Numerical Data and Functional Relationships in Science and Technology, Group V: Geophysics and Space Research, 1b, Springer, Berlin, 433-481.
Ibe F.C., Opara A.I., Duru C.E., Obinna I.B. & Enedoh M.C., 2020. Statistical analysis of atmospheric pollutant concentration in parts of Imo State, southeastern Nigeria. Scientific African, 7, 1-27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sciaf.2019.e00237
Ibrahim U., Akpa T.C. & Daniel I.H., 2013. Assessment of radioactivity concentration in soil of some mining areas in Central Nasarawa State, Nigeria. Science World Journal, 8, 2, 7-12.
Kogbe C., 1979. Geology of the south-eastern sector of the Iullemmeden Basin. Bulletin of Department of Geology, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria. 2, 1, 34-78.
Manger E.G., 1963. Porosity and bulk density of sedimentary rocks. Geological Survey Bulletin, 1144, United States Printing Office, Washington.
Matolin M., 1997. Terrestrial gamma dose rate maps, their compilation and verification – Radiometric map of the Czech Republic. https://www.osti.gov/etdeweb/servlets/purl/616970 (last accessed February, 2020)
Minty B.R.S., 1997. Fundamental of airborne gamma-ray spectrometry. AGSO Journal of Australia Geology and Geophysics, 17, 39–50.
Mukai M., Yamaguchi T., Komura K., Furumoto M. & Nagao T., 1999. Measurement of radioactive heat generation in rocks by means of gamma ray spectrometry. Proceedings of Japanese Academy, 75, 7, 181-185.
Obaje N.G., 2009. Geology and mineral resources of Nigeria, Springer Dordrecht, London, UK.
Ramadan T.M. & Abdel Fattah M.F., 2010. Characteristics of gold mineralization in Garin Hawal area, Kebbi State, NW Nigeria, using remote sensing. The Egyptian Journal of Remote Sensing and Space Science, 13, 153–163. http://doi:10.1016/j.ejrs.2009.08.001.
Rawlins B.G., Lark R.M. & Webster R., 2007. Understanding airborne radiometric survey signals across part of eastern England. Earth Surface Processes, 32, 1503–1515. https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.1468.
Reda A.Y., El Qassas M., Salaheldin S.M. & Assran T., Abdel Fattah
A, & Rashed M.A., 2020. Airborne gamma-ray spectrometric data interpretation on Wadi Queih and Wadi Safaga area, Central Eastern Desert, Egypt, NRIAG Journal of Astronomy and Geophysics, 9, 1, 155-167, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/20909977.2020.1728893.
Rybach L., 1976. Radioactive heat production; A physical property determined by the chemistry in the physical and chemistry of minerals and rocks. A Wiley- Interscience publication.
Rybach L., 1988. Determination of heat production rate. Handbook of terrestrial heat-flow density determination, Kluwer academic Publishers.
Rybach L., Werner D., Mueller S. & Berset G., 1977. Heat flow, heat production and crustal dynamics in the Central Alps, Switzerland. Tectonophysics, 41, 113-126.
Salem A., Elsirafy A., Sachio E. & Ushijima K., 2005. Mapping radioactive heat production from airborne spectral gamma-ray data of Gebel duwi area, Egypt. Proceeding of world geothermal congress. Antalya, Turkey.
Samwell O., 2010. Radiometric survey and estimation of radiation exposure from Archean rocks: A case study of Migori gold belt company, Kenya. M.Sc. Dissertation, School of Pure and Applied Sciences, Kenyatta University, Kenya.
Saxov S. & Abrahamsen N., 1964. Some rock densities in Bornholm. Geologiska Foreningen I Stockholm Forhandlinger, 86, 1, 83-95. https://doi.org/10.1080/11035897.1964.9626368
Scott B.R., 2007. Health Risk Evaluations for Ingestion Exposure of Humans to Polonium-210. Dose-Response. Publication of International Hormesis Society, 5, 94–122.
UNSCEAR, 2000. Sources and effects of ionizing radiation. New York: United Nations.
Usikalu M.R., Rabiu A.B., Oyeyemi K.D., Achuka J.A. & Maaza M., 2017. Radiation hazard in soil from Ajaokuta, North Central, Nigeria. International Journal of Radiation Research, 15, 2, 219-224. https://doi.org/10.18869/acadpub.ijrr.15.2.219.
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Aisabokhae, J., & Adeoye, M. (2020). Spatial distribution of radiogenic heat in the Iullemmeden basin – Precambrian basement transition zone, NW Nigeria. Geology, Geophysics and Environment, 46(3), 238. https://doi.org/10.7494/geol.2020.46.3.238
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