The Late Quaternary vegetational and environmental history of western tropical Africa: the eastern Benin Basin, Lagos, Nigeria
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Abstrakt
A palynological study of a 30 m borehole within the Akoka campus of the University of Lagos, Akoka, Nigeria revealed Late Quaternary paleo-vegetational, climatic and environmental changes. Sixteen samples at a regular interval of 2 m were subjected to standard palynological and sedimentological techniques. Six pollen zones representing six paleoclimatic phases within the Late Quaternary period were recognized. The age model is based on two radiocarbon dates (6 m: 5,495 } 25 14C yr and 12 m: 15,660 } 40 14C yr) and, by extrapolation, the sequence spans approximately the last 35,000 yr BP. The African maximum transgression and the African Humid Period (wet paleoclimate maximum) – the Nouaktchottian, and Pre-Nouaktchottian respectively – were recognized, while the Ogolian II (Erg II) was stratigraphically recognized and the Upper Inchirian extrapolated. Recovered diatom frustules with other proxies were employed for paleoclimatic and paleoecological deductions. Four hydrological cycles and three paleoecological settings were identified. Results from this work indicate the co-eval record of paleoclimatic events across Africa, suspected cooling during the African maximum transgression in Nigeria and the usefulness of coastal freshwater swamp sediments for paleoclimate studies.
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Bibliografia
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Adeonipekun P.A., 2006. Application of late Tertiary Palynofloral changes as a bio-sequence stratigraphic tool in the western Niger Delta, Nigeria. Department of Botany & Microbiology, University of Ibadan, Nigeria [Ph.D. thesis, unpublished].
Adeonipekun P.A., Ehinola O.A., Yussuph I.A., Toluhi A. & Oyelami A., 2012. Bio-sequence stratigraphy of Shagamu Quarry outcrop, Benin basin, southwestern Nigeria. World Applied Sciences Journal, 18, 1, 91–106.
Adeonipekun P.A., Sowunmi M.A. & Richards K., 2015. A new Late Miocene to Pleistocene palynomorph zonation for the western offshore Niger Delta. Palynology, 41, 1–2, 2–16.
Armitage S.J., Bristow C.S., & Drake N.A., 2015. West African monsoon dynamics inferred from abrupt fluctuations of Lake Mega – Chad. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 112, 28, 8543–8548.
Billman H.G., 1992. Offshore stratigraphy and paleontology of Dahomey Embayment, West Africa. NAPE Bulletin, 7, 21, 121–130.
Coker S.J.L. & Ejedawe J.E., 1987. Petroleum prospects of the Benin basin, Nigeria. Nigerian Journal of Mining and Geology, 23, 1–2, 27–43.
DeMenocal P., Ortiz J., Guilderson T., Adkins J., Sarnthein M., Baker L. & Yarusinsky M., 2000. Abrupt onset and termination of the African Humid Period: Rapid climate responses to gradual insolation forcing. Quaternary Science Reviews, 19, 347–361.
Ehrmann W., Schmied G., Seidel M., Krüger S. & Schulz H., 2016. A distal 140 kyr sediment record of Nile discharge and East African monsoon variability. Climate of the Past, 12, 713–727.
Erdtman G., 1969. Handbook of Palynology. Morphology – Taxonomy – Ecology. An Introduction to the Study of Pollen Grains and Spores. Verlag Munksgaard, Copenhagen.Gasse F., 2000. Hydrological changes in the African tropics since the Last Glacial Maximum. Quaternary Science Reviews, 19, 189–211.
Gosling D., Miller S.M. & Livingstone D.A., 2013. Atlas of the tropical West African pollen flora. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, 199, 1–135.
Hutchinson J. & Dalziel J.M., 1954. Flora of West Tropical Africa, Vol. 1 Part 1. Crown Agents. London.
Hutchinson J. & Dalziel J.M., 1958. Flora of West Tropical Africa, Vol. 1 Part 2. Crown Agents. London.
Hutchinson J. & Dalziel J.M., 1963. Flora of West Tropical Africa, Vol. 2. Crown Agents. London.
Hutchinson J. & Dalziel J.M., 1968. Flora of West Tropical Africa, Vol. 3 Part 1. Crown Agents. London.
Hutchinson J. & Dalziel J.M., 1972. Flora of West Tropical Africa, Vol. 3 Part 2. Crown Agents. London.
Jones H.A. & Hockey R.D., 1964. The Geology of Part of Southwestern Nigeria: Explanation of 1:250,000 Sheets Nos. 59 and 68. Ministry of Mines and Power, Geological Survey of Nigeria Bulletin, 31, Federal Government of Nigeria.
Keay R.W.J., 1959. An outline of Nigerian vegetation. Federal Government of Nigeria, Nigeria.
Lezine M.A., 1989. Late Quaternary Vegetation and climate of the Sahel. Quaternary Research, 2, 317–334.
Longe A., Malomo S. & Olorunniwo M.A., 1987. Hydrogeology of Lagos metropolis. Journal of African Earth Science, 6, 163–174.
Maley J., 1991. The African rain forest vegetation and palaeoenvironments during late Quaternary. Climate Change, 19, 79–98.
Maley J., 1996. The African rain forest: main characteristics of changes in vegetation and climate from the Upper Cretaceous to the Quaternary. [in:] Alexander I.J., Swaine M.D. & Watling R. (eds.), Essays on the Ecology of the Guinea-Congo Rain Forest, Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, 104-B, 31–73.
Maley J. & Brenac, P., 1998. Vegetation dynamics, palaeoenvironments and climatic changes in the forests of western Cameroon during the last 28,000 years B.P. Reviews in Palaeobotany and Palynology, 99, 157–187.
Miller C.S. & Gosling, W.D., 2014. Quaternary forest associations in lowland tropical West Africa. Quaternary Science Reviews, 84, 7–25.
NOAA, 2008. Estuary. National Ocean and Atmospheric Administration (Ocean Service Education) US Department of Commerce, [on-line:] http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/education/kits/estuaries/estuaries01_whatis.html [access: 27.02.2017].
Ogbe F.G.A., 1972. Stratigraphy of the strata exposed in the Ewekoro Quarry, western Nigeria. African Geology, 1, 205–322.
Okosun E.A., 1990. A review of the Cretaceous stratigraphy of the Dahomey Embayment, West Africa. Cretaceous Research, 11, 17–27.
Omatsola M.E. & Adegoke, O.S., 1981.Tectonic evolution and Cretaceous Stratigraphy of the Dahomey Basin. Journal of Mining and Geology, 8, 30–137.
Orijemie E.A. & Sowunmi M.A., 2014. Humans and the mangrove in southern Nigeria. [in:] Stevens C.J., Nixon S., Murray M.A. & Fuller D.Q. (eds.), Archaeology of African Plant Use, Publications of the Institute of Archaeology, University College London, 61, Walnut Creek, Left Coast Press, California, 103–112.
Salzmann U., 2000. Are modern savannas degraded forests? – A Holocene pollen record from the Sudanian vegetation zone of NE Nigeria. Vegetation History and Archaeobotany, 9, 1–15.
Salzmann U., Hoelzmann P. & Morczinek I., 2002. Late Quaternary climate and vegetation of the sudanian zone of Northeast Nigeria. Quaternary Research, 58, 73–83.
Salzmann U. & Waller M., 1998. The Holocene vegetational history of the Nigerian Sahel based on multiple pollen profiles. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, 100, 39–72.
Selley R.C., 1976. Subsurface Environmental Analysis of North Sea Sediments. American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, 60, 2, 184–195.
Sowunmi M.A., 1973. Pollen of Nigerian Plants. I. Woody species. Grana, 13, 145–186.
Sowunmi M.A., 1981a. Aspects of Late Quaternary vegetational changes in West Africa. Journal of Biogeography, 8, 457–474.
Sowunmi M.A., 1981b. Late Quaternary environmental changes in Nigeria. Pollen et Spores, 23, 1, 125–148.Sowunmi M.A., 1985. The beginning of agriculture in West Africa: Botanical Evidence. Current Anthropology, 26, 1, 127–129.
Sowunmi M.A., 1986. Change of vegetation with time: [in:] Lawson G.W. (ed.), Plant Ecology in West Africa, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 273–307.
Sowunmi M.A., 1987. Palynological Studies in the Niger Delta. [in:] Alagoa E.J., Anozie F.N. & Nzewunwa N. (eds.), The Early History of the Niger Delta, Helmat Buske Verlag, Hamburg, UK, 30–31.
Sowunmi M.A., 1995. Pollen of Nigerian Plants. II. Woody species. Grana, 43, 120–141.
Sowunmi M.A., 2004. Aspects of Nigerian coastal vegetation in the Holocene: some recent insights. [in:] Battarbee R.W., Grasse F. & Stickley C.E. (eds.), Past Climate Variability through Europe and Africa, Springer, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 199–218.
Tossou M.G., 2002. Recherche palynologique sur la végétation holocène du sud-Bénin (Afrique del’Ouest). Université de Lomé, Faculté des sciences, Togo [Ph.D. thesis, unpublished].
Talbot M.R. & Delibrias G. 1980. A new late Pleistocene-Holocene water level curve for Lake Bosumptwi, Ghana. Earth Planetary Science Letters, 47, 336–344.
Traverse A., 1988. Production, dispersal and sedimentation of spores/pollen. [in:] Traverse A. (ed.), Paleopalynology, Unwin Hyman, Boston, London, Sydney, Wellington.
Valero-Garcés B.L., González-Sampériz P., Navas A., Machín J., Delgado-Huertas A., Peña-Monné J.L., Sancho-Marcén C., Stevenson T. & Davis B. 2004. Paleohydrological fluctuations and steppe vegetation at the last glacial maximum in central Ebro valley (NE Spain). Quaternary International, 122, 43–55.
Zabel M., Schneider R.R., Wagner T., Adegbie A.T., de Vries U. & Kolonic S., 2001. Late Quaternary Climate Changes in Central Africa as Inferred from Terrigenous Input to the Niger Fan. Quaternary Research, 56, 207–217.
Adekanmbi O.H., Ogundipe O.T. & Olowokudejo J.D., 2009. Floral Diversity of South-Western Nigeria Coastal Environments. Journal Science Research Development, 11, 9–20.Adeniyi M.O., Ogunsola O.E. Nymphas E.F. & Oladiran E.O., 2009. Food security measure during uncertain climatic conditions in Nigeria. African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development, 9, 2, 652–676.
Adeonipekun P.A., 2006. Application of late Tertiary Palynofloral changes as a bio-sequence stratigraphic tool in the western Niger Delta, Nigeria. Department of Botany & Microbiology, University of Ibadan, Nigeria [Ph.D. thesis, unpublished].
Adeonipekun P.A., Ehinola O.A., Yussuph I.A., Toluhi A. & Oyelami A., 2012. Bio-sequence stratigraphy of Shagamu Quarry outcrop, Benin basin, southwestern Nigeria. World Applied Sciences Journal, 18, 1, 91–106.
Adeonipekun P.A., Sowunmi M.A. & Richards K., 2015. A new Late Miocene to Pleistocene palynomorph zonation for the western offshore Niger Delta. Palynology, 41, 1–2, 2–16.
Armitage S.J., Bristow C.S., & Drake N.A., 2015. West African monsoon dynamics inferred from abrupt fluctuations of Lake Mega – Chad. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 112, 28, 8543–8548.
Billman H.G., 1992. Offshore stratigraphy and paleontology of Dahomey Embayment, West Africa. NAPE Bulletin, 7, 21, 121–130.
Coker S.J.L. & Ejedawe J.E., 1987. Petroleum prospects of the Benin basin, Nigeria. Nigerian Journal of Mining and Geology, 23, 1–2, 27–43.
DeMenocal P., Ortiz J., Guilderson T., Adkins J., Sarnthein M., Baker L. & Yarusinsky M., 2000. Abrupt onset and termination of the African Humid Period: Rapid climate responses to gradual insolation forcing. Quaternary Science Reviews, 19, 347–361.
Ehrmann W., Schmied G., Seidel M., Krüger S. & Schulz H., 2016. A distal 140 kyr sediment record of Nile discharge and East African monsoon variability. Climate of the Past, 12, 713–727.
Erdtman G., 1969. Handbook of Palynology. Morphology – Taxonomy – Ecology. An Introduction to the Study of Pollen Grains and Spores. Verlag Munksgaard, Copenhagen.Gasse F., 2000. Hydrological changes in the African tropics since the Last Glacial Maximum. Quaternary Science Reviews, 19, 189–211.
Gosling D., Miller S.M. & Livingstone D.A., 2013. Atlas of the tropical West African pollen flora. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, 199, 1–135.
Hutchinson J. & Dalziel J.M., 1954. Flora of West Tropical Africa, Vol. 1 Part 1. Crown Agents. London.
Hutchinson J. & Dalziel J.M., 1958. Flora of West Tropical Africa, Vol. 1 Part 2. Crown Agents. London.
Hutchinson J. & Dalziel J.M., 1963. Flora of West Tropical Africa, Vol. 2. Crown Agents. London.
Hutchinson J. & Dalziel J.M., 1968. Flora of West Tropical Africa, Vol. 3 Part 1. Crown Agents. London.
Hutchinson J. & Dalziel J.M., 1972. Flora of West Tropical Africa, Vol. 3 Part 2. Crown Agents. London.
Jones H.A. & Hockey R.D., 1964. The Geology of Part of Southwestern Nigeria: Explanation of 1:250,000 Sheets Nos. 59 and 68. Ministry of Mines and Power, Geological Survey of Nigeria Bulletin, 31, Federal Government of Nigeria.
Keay R.W.J., 1959. An outline of Nigerian vegetation. Federal Government of Nigeria, Nigeria.
Lezine M.A., 1989. Late Quaternary Vegetation and climate of the Sahel. Quaternary Research, 2, 317–334.
Longe A., Malomo S. & Olorunniwo M.A., 1987. Hydrogeology of Lagos metropolis. Journal of African Earth Science, 6, 163–174.
Maley J., 1991. The African rain forest vegetation and palaeoenvironments during late Quaternary. Climate Change, 19, 79–98.
Maley J., 1996. The African rain forest: main characteristics of changes in vegetation and climate from the Upper Cretaceous to the Quaternary. [in:] Alexander I.J., Swaine M.D. & Watling R. (eds.), Essays on the Ecology of the Guinea-Congo Rain Forest, Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, 104-B, 31–73.
Maley J. & Brenac, P., 1998. Vegetation dynamics, palaeoenvironments and climatic changes in the forests of western Cameroon during the last 28,000 years B.P. Reviews in Palaeobotany and Palynology, 99, 157–187.
Miller C.S. & Gosling, W.D., 2014. Quaternary forest associations in lowland tropical West Africa. Quaternary Science Reviews, 84, 7–25.
NOAA, 2008. Estuary. National Ocean and Atmospheric Administration (Ocean Service Education) US Department of Commerce, [on-line:] http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/education/kits/estuaries/estuaries01_whatis.html [access: 27.02.2017].
Ogbe F.G.A., 1972. Stratigraphy of the strata exposed in the Ewekoro Quarry, western Nigeria. African Geology, 1, 205–322.
Okosun E.A., 1990. A review of the Cretaceous stratigraphy of the Dahomey Embayment, West Africa. Cretaceous Research, 11, 17–27.
Omatsola M.E. & Adegoke, O.S., 1981.Tectonic evolution and Cretaceous Stratigraphy of the Dahomey Basin. Journal of Mining and Geology, 8, 30–137.
Orijemie E.A. & Sowunmi M.A., 2014. Humans and the mangrove in southern Nigeria. [in:] Stevens C.J., Nixon S., Murray M.A. & Fuller D.Q. (eds.), Archaeology of African Plant Use, Publications of the Institute of Archaeology, University College London, 61, Walnut Creek, Left Coast Press, California, 103–112.
Salzmann U., 2000. Are modern savannas degraded forests? – A Holocene pollen record from the Sudanian vegetation zone of NE Nigeria. Vegetation History and Archaeobotany, 9, 1–15.
Salzmann U., Hoelzmann P. & Morczinek I., 2002. Late Quaternary climate and vegetation of the sudanian zone of Northeast Nigeria. Quaternary Research, 58, 73–83.
Salzmann U. & Waller M., 1998. The Holocene vegetational history of the Nigerian Sahel based on multiple pollen profiles. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, 100, 39–72.
Selley R.C., 1976. Subsurface Environmental Analysis of North Sea Sediments. American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, 60, 2, 184–195.
Sowunmi M.A., 1973. Pollen of Nigerian Plants. I. Woody species. Grana, 13, 145–186.
Sowunmi M.A., 1981a. Aspects of Late Quaternary vegetational changes in West Africa. Journal of Biogeography, 8, 457–474.
Sowunmi M.A., 1981b. Late Quaternary environmental changes in Nigeria. Pollen et Spores, 23, 1, 125–148.Sowunmi M.A., 1985. The beginning of agriculture in West Africa: Botanical Evidence. Current Anthropology, 26, 1, 127–129.
Sowunmi M.A., 1986. Change of vegetation with time: [in:] Lawson G.W. (ed.), Plant Ecology in West Africa, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 273–307.
Sowunmi M.A., 1987. Palynological Studies in the Niger Delta. [in:] Alagoa E.J., Anozie F.N. & Nzewunwa N. (eds.), The Early History of the Niger Delta, Helmat Buske Verlag, Hamburg, UK, 30–31.
Sowunmi M.A., 1995. Pollen of Nigerian Plants. II. Woody species. Grana, 43, 120–141.
Sowunmi M.A., 2004. Aspects of Nigerian coastal vegetation in the Holocene: some recent insights. [in:] Battarbee R.W., Grasse F. & Stickley C.E. (eds.), Past Climate Variability through Europe and Africa, Springer, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 199–218.
Tossou M.G., 2002. Recherche palynologique sur la végétation holocène du sud-Bénin (Afrique del’Ouest). Université de Lomé, Faculté des sciences, Togo [Ph.D. thesis, unpublished].
Talbot M.R. & Delibrias G. 1980. A new late Pleistocene-Holocene water level curve for Lake Bosumptwi, Ghana. Earth Planetary Science Letters, 47, 336–344.
Traverse A., 1988. Production, dispersal and sedimentation of spores/pollen. [in:] Traverse A. (ed.), Paleopalynology, Unwin Hyman, Boston, London, Sydney, Wellington.
Valero-Garcés B.L., González-Sampériz P., Navas A., Machín J., Delgado-Huertas A., Peña-Monné J.L., Sancho-Marcén C., Stevenson T. & Davis B. 2004. Paleohydrological fluctuations and steppe vegetation at the last glacial maximum in central Ebro valley (NE Spain). Quaternary International, 122, 43–55.
Zabel M., Schneider R.R., Wagner T., Adegbie A.T., de Vries U. & Kolonic S., 2001. Late Quaternary Climate Changes in Central Africa as Inferred from Terrigenous Input to the Niger Fan. Quaternary Research, 56, 207–217.
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Apr 14, 2018
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Adeonipekun, P. A., Adeniyi, T. A., Mateawo, J., & Agbalaya, B. (2018). The Late Quaternary vegetational and environmental history of western tropical Africa: the eastern Benin Basin, Lagos, Nigeria. Geology, Geophysics and Environment, 43(4), 277. https://doi.org/10.7494/geol.2017.43.4.277
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