Lithofacies and depositional environments of the Paleogene/Neogene sediments in the Hoanh Bo Basin (Quang Ninh province - NE Vietnam)
Main Article Content
Keywords
lithofacies, depositional environment, aluvial facies, Hoanh Bo Basin, Paleogene, Neogene, Viet Nam
Abstract
The Hoanh Bo Basin is a multiple period formed basin which is associated with the tectonic mechanism due to the activities of the Chi Linh - Dong Trieu and Trung Luong faults. The basin is filled with continental sediments, comprising mainly polymictic conglomerates, sandstones, siltstones, claystones and shales. Coarser-grained polymictic deposits predominate along the northern and western margins of the basin, while different types of siltstones, claystones, even sandstones occur in its center, as well as along its southern and eastern parts toward the Ha Long Bay.
Based on the dominant grain-size class, texture, stratification, degree of clast rounding and sorting, 17 lithofacies were determined in the Hoanh Bo Basin infill, accumulating in alluvial fan, fluvial, deltaic and lacustrine environments.
Alluvial fan and fluvial environments are characterized by an assemblage of lithofacies such as sand- and mud-supported disorganized breccias (Gb), clast- to sand-supported conglomerates (Gmm), clast-supported inverse-graded conglomerates (Gig), planar-cross-bedded conglomerates (Gp), trough cross-bedded conglomerates (Gt), horizontally stratified conglomerates (Gh), planar cross-bedded sandstones (Sp), trough cross-bedded sandstones (St), ripple cross-laminated sandstones (Sr), horizontally bedded sandstones (Sh), massive sandstones (Sm), massive mudstones, siltstones (Fm), laminated siltstones and mudstones (Fl), massive claystones (Fsm) and coaly lithofacies (C); the deltaic assemblage is dominated by planar-cross-bedded conglomerates (Gp), horizontally stratified conglomerates (Gh), planar cross-bedded sandstones (Sp), horizontally bedded sandstones (Sh), low-angle cross-bedded sandstones (Sl); while the lacustrine assemblage consists of ripple cross-laminated sandstones (Sr), horizontally bedded sandstones (Sh), normally graded sandstones (Sng), massive mudstones, siltstones (Fm), laminated siltstones and mudstones (Fl), massive claystones (Fsm) and coaly lithofacies (C).
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References
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Tuc N.D., 2004. The modern activity of the Chi Linh-Dong Trieu fault zone. Journal of Sciences of the Earth, Hanoi, 4, 26, 587–597.
Tucker M.E, 2001. Sedimentary Petrology. Blackwell Science, Oxford.
Tuyen T.T. (ed.) et al., 1995. Report of Geological and Mineral resources Map for group sheets Binh Lieu-Mong Cai, scale 1:50,000. Genaral Department of Geology and Minerals of Vietnam, Hanoi.
Udden J.A., 1914. Mechanical composition of clastic sediments. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 25, 655–744.
Uy N.D., 1995. Report of geological investigation in the Ha Long city. Vietnam Institute of Geosciences and Mineral Resources, Hanoi.
Viet L.T., 2003. Structural characteristics and Geodynamics of the Cenozoic basins in the North of Vietnam. Hanoi University of Mining and Geology, Hanoi [PhD dissertation, in Vietnamese, unpublished].
Wentworth C.K., 1992. A scale of grade and class terms for clastic sediments. Journal of Geology, 30, 5, 377–392.
Wysocka A. & Świerczewska A., 2005. Tectonically-controlled sedimentation of Cenozoic deposits from selected basins along the Vietnamese segment of the Red River fault Zone. Acta Geologica Polonica, 55, 131–145.
Wysocka A. & Świerczewska A., 2010. Lithofacies and depositional environments of Miocene deposits from tectonically-controlled basins (Red River Fault Zone, northern Vietnam). Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 39, 109–124.
Chinh V.V., 2002. Characteristics of neotectonic faults in the northeastern area of Vietnam. Institute of Geological Sciences, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), Hanoi [PhD dissertation, in Vietnamese].
Cuong N.Q. & Zuchiewicz W., 2001. Morphotectonic properties of the Lo River Fault near Tam Dao in North Vietnam. Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences, 1, 15–22.
Cuong N.Q., 2007. Late Tertiary to Recent Tectonics of the Red River Fault Zone (Vietnamese part) Based on Studies of Sedimentary Rocks and Geomorphic Data. Institute of Geological Sciences, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków [PhD dissertation, unpublished].
Dovijkov A.E. (ed.), 1965. Geology of North Viet Nam. General Department of Geology and Minerals of Vietnam, Hanoi.
Eberth D.A. & Miall A.D., 1991. Stratigraphy, sedimentology and evolution of a vertebrate-bearing, braided to anastomosed fluvial system, Cutler Formation (Permian, Pennsylvanian), north-central New Mexico. Sedimentary Geology, 72, 225–252.
Khuc V., 2001. New discover about stratigraphy of Jurassic sediments in Vietnam collecting in 6 years (1994–1999) and their signification. Journal of Geology, A/263, 6–22.
Khuc V. & My B.P. (eds), 1988. Geology of Vietnam, Part I: Stratigraphy. General Department of Geology and Minerals of Vietnam, Hanoi.
Ky H.N. (ed.), 1999. Geology and mineral resources of the Hai Phong Map sheet, with the Geological Map of the Ha Long Sheet at 1:200,000 scale. General Department of Geology and Minerals of Vietnam, Hanoi.
Liem N.V., 1985. Late Paleozoic in Vietnam. Science and Technology Publishing House, Hanoi.
Luong N.C. (ed.), 1999. Geology and mineral resources of the Ha Long Map sheet, with the Geological Map of the Ha Long sheet, 1:200,000 scale. General Department of Geo logy and Minerals of Vietnam, Hanoi.
Massari F., 1983. Tabular cross-bedding in Messinian fluvial channel conglomerates, Southern Alps, Italy. [in:] Collinson J.D & Lewin J. (eds), Modern and ancient fluvial systems, International Association of Sedimentologists, Special Publications, 6, 287–300.
McPherson J.G., Shanmugam G. & Moiola R.J., 1987. Fan-deltas and braid deltas: Varieties of coarse-grained deltas. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 99, 331–340.
Miall A.D., 1977. A review of the braided river depositional environment. Earth Sciences Review, 13, 1–62.
Miall A.D., 1978. Lithofacies types and vertical profile models in braided river deposits: a summary. Canadian Society of Petroleum Geology Memoirs, 5, 597–604.
Miall A.D, 2006. The Geology of Fluvial Deposits. Springer -Verlag, Berlin.
Nemec W. & Steel R.J., 1988. What is a fan delta and how do we recognize it? [in:] Nemec W. & Steel R.J. (eds), Fan delta: Sedimentology and Tectonic Settings, Blackie and Son, London, 2–13.
Nhan T.D. & Danh T., 1975. The new discovers about bio stratigraphy of the Neogene sediments in the east of Bac Bo. [in]: Nhan T.D. & Danh T. (eds), Stratigraphic Works, Science and Technology Publishing House, Hanoi, 244–283.
Patte E., 1927. Etudes géologiques dans I’Est du Tonkin. Bul letin du Service Géologiques de I’Indochinhe, Hanoi. Petersen H.I., Tru V., Nielsen L.H., Duc A.N. & Nytoft H.P., 2005. Source rock properties of lacustrine mudstones and coals (Oligocene, Dong Ho Formation), onshore of the Song Hong Basin, northern Vietnam. Journal of Petroleum Geology, 28(1), 19–38.
Pettijohn F.J., Potter P.E. & Siever R., 1987. Sand and sand stones. 2 nd ed., Springer-Verlag, New York.
Postma G., 1990. Depositional architecture and facies of river and fan deltas: a synthesis. [in:] Albina C. & David B.P. (eds), Coarse-grained deltas, The International Association of Sedimentologists, Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 13–28.
Quang P.V., 1969. The age of the coal-bearing deposits Hon Gai and the development of regional geology in Mesozoic. Journal of Geology, Hanoi, 13–39.
Quang P.V. (ed.), 1969. Report of Geological and Mineral resources for the coal basins in the northeast of Bac Bo (Quang Ninh) of Vietnam, scale 1:200,000. General Department of Geology and Mineral of Vietnam, Hanoi.
Thanh T.D. & Khuc V. (eds), 2009. Stratigraphic units of Vietnam. Vietnam National University Publishing House, Hanoi.
Tri T.V., 1977 (ed.). Geology of Viet Nam: The north part. Science and Technology Publishing House, Hanoi.
Tri T.V. & Khuc V., 2009 (eds). Geology and Natural Resources of Vietnam. Natural Science and Technology Publishing House, Hanoi.
Trung P.Q., Bat D., An N.Q., Khoi D.V. & Hieu D.V., 1999. The new documentation of spore and pollen fossil in the Dong Ho formation. Journal of Petroleum Geology, Hanoi, 3, 2–8.
Tuc N.D., 2004. The modern activity of the Chi Linh-Dong Trieu fault zone. Journal of Sciences of the Earth, Hanoi, 4, 26, 587–597.
Tucker M.E, 2001. Sedimentary Petrology. Blackwell Science, Oxford.
Tuyen T.T. (ed.) et al., 1995. Report of Geological and Mineral resources Map for group sheets Binh Lieu-Mong Cai, scale 1:50,000. Genaral Department of Geology and Minerals of Vietnam, Hanoi.
Udden J.A., 1914. Mechanical composition of clastic sediments. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 25, 655–744.
Uy N.D., 1995. Report of geological investigation in the Ha Long city. Vietnam Institute of Geosciences and Mineral Resources, Hanoi.
Viet L.T., 2003. Structural characteristics and Geodynamics of the Cenozoic basins in the North of Vietnam. Hanoi University of Mining and Geology, Hanoi [PhD dissertation, in Vietnamese, unpublished].
Wentworth C.K., 1992. A scale of grade and class terms for clastic sediments. Journal of Geology, 30, 5, 377–392.
Wysocka A. & Świerczewska A., 2005. Tectonically-controlled sedimentation of Cenozoic deposits from selected basins along the Vietnamese segment of the Red River fault Zone. Acta Geologica Polonica, 55, 131–145.
Wysocka A. & Świerczewska A., 2010. Lithofacies and depositional environments of Miocene deposits from tectonically-controlled basins (Red River Fault Zone, northern Vietnam). Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 39, 109–124.
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Published
Mar 15, 2016
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Hoang, T. V., Wysocka, A., Phan, P. D., Nguyen, C. Q., & Ziólkowski, P. (2016). Lithofacies and depositional environments of the Paleogene/Neogene sediments in the Hoanh Bo Basin (Quang Ninh province - NE Vietnam). Geology, Geophysics and Environment, 41(4), 353. https://doi.org/10.7494/geol.2015.41.4.353
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