A regurgitalite of the Middle Triassic (Muschelkalk) from Upper Silesia (Poland)
Main Article Content
Keywords
bromalites, regurgitalites, Middle Triassic, Muschelkalk, Upper Silesia, Poland.
Abstract
A bromalite from the Middle Triassic (Muschelkalk) of southern Poland, Sadowa Góra Quarry, is herein described and interpreted as a regurgitalite. The fossils occurring within the regurgitalite are angular and have sharp edges. They are represented by common fragments of thin-shelled bivalves as well as rare crinoid and gastropod remains. The composition of the collected inclusion is different from that of the host rock. There are many candidates that could have produced the regurgitalite, including durophagous sharks, marine reptiles, the actinopterygian Colobodus, or nautiloids. Our finding adds to the emerging evidence of durophagous predation in the Triassic sea of Polish part of the Germanic Basin. It is the second record of a regurgitalite from the Muschelkalk of Upper Silesia.
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References
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Brachaniec T., Niedźwiedzki R., Surmik D., Krzykawski T., Szopa K., Gorzelak P. & Salamon M.A., 2015. Coprolites of marine vertebrate predators from the Lower Triassic of southern Poland. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 435, 118–126.
Cartanyà J., Fortuny J., Bole A. & Mutter R., 2015. Colobodus giganteus (Beltan, 1972) comb. nov. from the Upper Muschelkalk Facies of Catalonia (NE Iberian Peninsula). Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Abhandlungen, 278, 323–333.
Chrząstek A. & Niedźwiedzki R., 1998. Kręgowce retu i dolnego wapienia muszlowego na Śląsku. Acta Universitatis Wratislaviensis. Prace Geologiczno-Mineralogiczne, 64, 69–81.
Fischer J., 2008. Brief synopsis of the hybodont form taxon Lissodus Brough, 1935, with remarks on the environment and associated fauna. Paläontologie, Stratigraphie, Fazies, Freiberger Forschungshefte, C 528, 1–23.
Gordon C.M., Roach B.T., Parker W.G. & Briggs D.E.G., 2020. Distinguishing regurgitalites and coprolites: A case study using a Triassic bromalite with soft tissue of the pseudosuchian archosaur Revueltosaurus. Palaios, 35, 111–121.
Hasiotis S.T., Platt B.F., Hembree D.I. & Everhart M.J., 2007. The trace-fossil record of vertebrates. [in:] Miller W. (ed.), Trace Fossils: Concepts, Problems, Prospects, Elsevier, 196–218.
Hoffmann R., Stevens K., Keupp H., Simonsen S. & Schweigert G., 2020. Regurgitalites – a window into the trophic ecology of fossil cephalopods. Journal of the Geological Society, 177, 82–102.
Hunt A.P., 1992. Late Pennsylvanian coprolites from the Kinney Brick Quarry, central New Mexico with notes on the classification and utility of coprolites. New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science, 138, 221–229.
Hunt A.P., Lucas S.G., Spielmann J.A., Cantrell A., Suazo T. & Lerner A.J., 2012a. Bromalites from the Tinajas lagerstätte (Late Pennsylvanian: Late Missourian), central New Mexico, USA. New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science, 57, 175–183.
Hunt A.P., Santucci V.L., Tweet J.S. & Lucas S.G., 2012b. Vertebrate coprolites and other bromalites in national park service areas. New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science, 57, 343–353.
Klein N. & Scheyer T.M., 2014. A new placodont sauropterygian from the Middle Triassic of the Netherlands. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, 59, 887–902.
Klompmaker A.A. & Fraaije R.H.B., 2011. The oldest (Middle Triassic, Anisian) lobsters from the Netherlands: taxonomy, taphonomy, paleoenvironment, and paleoecology. Palaeontologia Electronica, 14, 1A. http://palaeo-electronica.org/2011_1/220/index.html.
Klug C. & Lehmkuhl A., 2004. Soft-tissue attachment structures and taphonomy of the Middle Triassic nautiloid Germanonautilus. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, 49, 243–258.
Knaust D., 2013. The ichnogenus Rhizocorallium: Classification, trace makers, palaeoenvironments and evolution. Earth Science Reviews, 126, 1–47.
Lane J.A & Maisey J.G., 2012. The visceral skeleton and jaw suspension in the durophagous hybodontid shark Tribodus limae from the Lower Cretaceous of Brazil. Journal of Paleontology, 86, 886–905.
Liszkowski J., 1993. Die Selachierfauna des Muschelkalks in Polen: Zusammensetzung, Stratigraphie und Paläoökologie. [in:] Hagdorn H. & Seilacher A. (eds.), Muschelkalk. Schöntaler Symposium 1991, Goldschneck-Verlag, Stuttgart, 177–185.
Mutter R.J., 1998. Tooth variability and reconstruction of dentition in Acrodus sp. (Chondrichthyes, Selachii, Hybodontoidea) from the Grenzbitumenzone (Middle Triassic) of Monte San Giorgio (Ticino, Switzerland). Geologisch-Paläontologische Mitteilungen Innsbruck, 3, 25–31.
Nawrocki J. & Szulc J., 2000. The Middle Triassic magnetostratigraphy from the Peri-Tethys basin in Poland. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 182, 77–92.
Niedźwiedzki G., Bajdek P., Owocki K. & Kear B.P., 2016a. An Early Triassic polar predator ecosystem revealed by vertebrate coprolites from the Bulgo Sandstone (Sydney Basin) of southeastern Australia. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 464, 5–15.
Niedźwiedzki G., Bajdek P., Qvarnström M., Sulej T., Sennikov A.G. & Golubev V.K., 2016b. Reduction of vertebrate coprolite diversity associated with the end-Permian extinction event in Vyazniki region, European Russia. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 450, 77–90.
Niedźwiedzki R., 2005. Stratygrafia, zapis paleontologiczny i warunki sedymentacji wapienia muszlowego na Górny Śląsku. [in:] Jureczka J., Buła Z. & Żaba J. (red.), Geologia i zagadnienia ochrony środowiska w regionie górnośląskim: LXXVI Zjazd Naukowy Polskiego Towarzystwa Geologicznego, Rudy k/Rybnika, 14–16 września 2005 r.: materiały konferencyjne, Państwowy Instytut Geologiczny, Warszawa, 161–165.
Niedźwiedzki R. & Salamon M.A., 2002. Migration routes of the Tethyan fauna in the eastern part of the epicontinental Germanic Basin (Poland). Freiberger Forschungshefte, Paläontologie, Stratigraphie, Fazies, 10, 1–8.
Niedźwiedzki R., Surmik D., Chećko A., Paszcza K., Jain S. & Salamon M.A., 2021. Oldest nautiloid record from the Triassic Germanic Basin and the first ammonite record from the Aegean (Middle Triassic) of Poland. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology [in press].
Northwood C., 2005. Early Triassic coprolites from Australia and their palaeobiological significance. Palaeontology, 48, 49–68.
Oji T., Ogaya C. & Sato T., 2003. Increase of shell crushing predation recorded in fossil shell fragmentation. Paleobiology, 29, 520–526.
Oosterink H.W. & Poppe W., 1979. Vissen en visresten uit de Onder-Muschelkalk van Winterswijk. Grondboor en Hamer, 33, 95–112.
Qvarnström M., Niedźwiedzki G., Tafforeau P., Žigaitė Ž. & Ahlberg P.E., 2017. Synchrotron phase-contrast microtomography of coprolites generates novel palaeobiological data. Scientific Reports, 7, 2723.
Romano C. & Brinkmann W., 2010. A new specimen of the hybodont shark Palaeobates polaris with three-dimensionally preserved Meckel’s cartilage from the Smithian (Early Triassic) of Spitsbergen. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 30, 1673–1683.
Salamon M.A. & Niedźwiedzki R., 2005. An explanation for low endemism of Triassic crinoids from the epicontinental Germanic Basin, Poland. Geological Quarterly, 49, 331–338.
Salamon M.A., Niedźwiedzki R., Gorzelak P., Lach R. & Surmik D., 2012. Bromalites from the Middle Triassic of Poland and the rise of the Mesozoic Marine Revolution. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 321–322, 142–150.
Salamon M.A., Gorzelak P., Niedźwiedzki R., Trzęsiok D. & Baumiller T.K., 2014. Trends in shell fragmentation as evidence of mid-Paleozoic changes in marine predation. Paleobiology, 40, 14−23.
Salamon M.A., Leśko K. & Gorzelak P., 2018. Experimental tumbling of Dreissena polymorpha: implications for recognizing durophagous predation in the fossil record. Facies, 64, 10.
Salamon M.A., Brachaniec T. & Gorzelak P., 2020. Durophagous fish predation traces versus tumbling-induced shell damage – a paleobiological perspective. Palaios, 35, 37−47.
Schindelin J., Arganda-Carreras I., Frise E. et al. 2012. Fiji: an open-source platform for biological-image analysis. Nature Methods, 9, 676–682.
Schmidt M., 1928. Die Lebewelt unserer Trias. Ferdinand Rau, Öhringen.
Schmidt M., 1938. Die Lebewelt unserer Trias. Ferdinand Rau, Öhringen.
Senkowiczowa H. & Kotański Z., 1979. Gromada Cephalopoda Cuvier, 1797. [in:] Malinowska L. (red.), Budowa geologiczna Polski. T. 3, Atlas skamieniałości przewodnich i charakterystycznych. Cz. 2a, Mezozoik: Trias, Wydawnictwa Geologiczne, Warszawa, 94–103.
Skrzycki P., Niedźwiedzki G. & Tałanda M., 2018. Dipnoan remains from the Lower-Middle Triassic of the Holy Cross Mountains and northeastern Poland, with remarks on dipnoan palaeobiogeography. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 496, 332–345.
Stachacz M. & Matysik M., 2020. Early Middle Triassic (Anisian) trace fossils, ichnofabrics, and substrate types from the southeastern Germanic Basin (Wellenkalk facies) ofUpper Silesia, southern Poland: Implications for biotic recovery following the Permian/Triassic mass extinction. Global and Planetary Change, 194, 103290.
Surmik D., 2010. Preliminary taphonomical analysis of Lower Muschelkalk bone accumulation in Silesia (Poland). [in:] Nowakowski D. (ed.), Fossil vertebrates – morphology systematics evolution: paleontological conference, DN Dariusz Nowakowski, Instytut Biologii, Uniwersytet Przyrodniczy, Wrocław, 110–117.
Surmik D., 2016. Hemilopas mentzeli, an enigmatic marine reptile from the Middle Triassic of Poland revisited. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Abhandlungen, 282, 209–223.
Surmik D., Skreczko S. & Wolny M., 2014. The results of palaeontological excavations in the Sadowa Góra quarry (2012–14). Contemporary Trends in Geoscience, 3, 91–100.
Surmik D., Salamon M.A., Chećko A. & Kędroń K., 2020. Ophiuroids from the Middle Triassic (Muschelkalk) of Sadowa Góra, Jaworzno (southern Poland). Geology, Geophysics & Environment, 46, 175–182.
Szulc J., 2000. Middle Triassic evolution of the northern Peri-Tethys area as influenced by early opening of the Tethys Ocean. Annales Societatis Geologorum Poloniae, 70, 1–48.
Szulc J. & Becker A. (eds.), 2007. International Workshop on the the Triassic of Southern Poland: Pan-European correlation of the epicontinental Triassic, 4th meeting September 3-8, 2007: fieldtrip guide. Polish Geological Society, Polish Geological Institute, Institute of Geological Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Cracow, Warsaw.
Vullo R., 2011. Direct evidence of hybodont shark predation on Late Jurassic ammonites. Naturwissenschaften, 98, 545–549.
Williams M.E., 1972. The origin of “spiral coprolites”. University of Kansas Paleontological Contribution, 59, 1–19.
Wysogórski J., 1903–1908. Die Trias in Oberschlesien. [in:] Frech F. (red.), Lethaea geognostica: Handbuch der Erdgeschichte mit Abbildungen der für die Formationen bezeichnendsten Versteinerungen. II. Teil: Das Mesozoicum. 1. Band: Trias, Schweizerbart, Stuttgart, 54–64.
Zatoń M., Salamon M.A., Marynowski L. & Zatoń R., 2007a. Gniazdowe akumulacje szczątków fauny w środkowojurajskich iłach rudonośnych Wyżyny Krakowsko-Wieluńskiej – wnioski paleobiologiczne. Przegląd Geologiczny, 55, 424–429.
Zatoń M., Villier L. & Salamon M.A., 2007b. Signs of predation in the Middle Jurassic of south-central Poland: evidence from echinoderm taphonomy. Lethaia, 40, 139–151.
Zatoń M., Salamon M.A., Boczarowski A. & Sitek S., 2008. Taphonomy of dense ophiuroid accumulations from the Middle Triassic of Poland. Lethaia, 41, 47–58.
Zatoń M., Niedźwiedzki G., Marynowski L., Benzerara K., Pott Ch., Cosmidis J., Krzykawski T. & Filipiak P., 2015. Coprolites of Late Triassic carnivorous vertebrates from Poland: an integrative approach. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 430, 21–46.
Assmann P., 1937. Revision der Fauna der Wirbellosen der oberschlesischen Trias. Abhandlungen der Königlich Preussischen Geologischen Landesanstalt, N. F., 170, Preussischen Geologischen Landesanstalt, Berlin.
Assmann P., 1944. Die Stratigraphie der oberschlesischen Trias. Teil 2: Der Muschelkalk. Abhandlungen des Reichsamts für Bodenforschung, 208, Reichsamt für Bodenforschung, Berlin.
Brachaniec T., Niedźwiedzki R., Surmik D., Krzykawski T., Szopa K., Gorzelak P. & Salamon M.A., 2015. Coprolites of marine vertebrate predators from the Lower Triassic of southern Poland. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 435, 118–126.
Cartanyà J., Fortuny J., Bole A. & Mutter R., 2015. Colobodus giganteus (Beltan, 1972) comb. nov. from the Upper Muschelkalk Facies of Catalonia (NE Iberian Peninsula). Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Abhandlungen, 278, 323–333.
Chrząstek A. & Niedźwiedzki R., 1998. Kręgowce retu i dolnego wapienia muszlowego na Śląsku. Acta Universitatis Wratislaviensis. Prace Geologiczno-Mineralogiczne, 64, 69–81.
Fischer J., 2008. Brief synopsis of the hybodont form taxon Lissodus Brough, 1935, with remarks on the environment and associated fauna. Paläontologie, Stratigraphie, Fazies, Freiberger Forschungshefte, C 528, 1–23.
Gordon C.M., Roach B.T., Parker W.G. & Briggs D.E.G., 2020. Distinguishing regurgitalites and coprolites: A case study using a Triassic bromalite with soft tissue of the pseudosuchian archosaur Revueltosaurus. Palaios, 35, 111–121.
Hasiotis S.T., Platt B.F., Hembree D.I. & Everhart M.J., 2007. The trace-fossil record of vertebrates. [in:] Miller W. (ed.), Trace Fossils: Concepts, Problems, Prospects, Elsevier, 196–218.
Hoffmann R., Stevens K., Keupp H., Simonsen S. & Schweigert G., 2020. Regurgitalites – a window into the trophic ecology of fossil cephalopods. Journal of the Geological Society, 177, 82–102.
Hunt A.P., 1992. Late Pennsylvanian coprolites from the Kinney Brick Quarry, central New Mexico with notes on the classification and utility of coprolites. New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science, 138, 221–229.
Hunt A.P., Lucas S.G., Spielmann J.A., Cantrell A., Suazo T. & Lerner A.J., 2012a. Bromalites from the Tinajas lagerstätte (Late Pennsylvanian: Late Missourian), central New Mexico, USA. New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science, 57, 175–183.
Hunt A.P., Santucci V.L., Tweet J.S. & Lucas S.G., 2012b. Vertebrate coprolites and other bromalites in national park service areas. New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science, 57, 343–353.
Klein N. & Scheyer T.M., 2014. A new placodont sauropterygian from the Middle Triassic of the Netherlands. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, 59, 887–902.
Klompmaker A.A. & Fraaije R.H.B., 2011. The oldest (Middle Triassic, Anisian) lobsters from the Netherlands: taxonomy, taphonomy, paleoenvironment, and paleoecology. Palaeontologia Electronica, 14, 1A. http://palaeo-electronica.org/2011_1/220/index.html.
Klug C. & Lehmkuhl A., 2004. Soft-tissue attachment structures and taphonomy of the Middle Triassic nautiloid Germanonautilus. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, 49, 243–258.
Knaust D., 2013. The ichnogenus Rhizocorallium: Classification, trace makers, palaeoenvironments and evolution. Earth Science Reviews, 126, 1–47.
Lane J.A & Maisey J.G., 2012. The visceral skeleton and jaw suspension in the durophagous hybodontid shark Tribodus limae from the Lower Cretaceous of Brazil. Journal of Paleontology, 86, 886–905.
Liszkowski J., 1993. Die Selachierfauna des Muschelkalks in Polen: Zusammensetzung, Stratigraphie und Paläoökologie. [in:] Hagdorn H. & Seilacher A. (eds.), Muschelkalk. Schöntaler Symposium 1991, Goldschneck-Verlag, Stuttgart, 177–185.
Mutter R.J., 1998. Tooth variability and reconstruction of dentition in Acrodus sp. (Chondrichthyes, Selachii, Hybodontoidea) from the Grenzbitumenzone (Middle Triassic) of Monte San Giorgio (Ticino, Switzerland). Geologisch-Paläontologische Mitteilungen Innsbruck, 3, 25–31.
Nawrocki J. & Szulc J., 2000. The Middle Triassic magnetostratigraphy from the Peri-Tethys basin in Poland. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 182, 77–92.
Niedźwiedzki G., Bajdek P., Owocki K. & Kear B.P., 2016a. An Early Triassic polar predator ecosystem revealed by vertebrate coprolites from the Bulgo Sandstone (Sydney Basin) of southeastern Australia. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 464, 5–15.
Niedźwiedzki G., Bajdek P., Qvarnström M., Sulej T., Sennikov A.G. & Golubev V.K., 2016b. Reduction of vertebrate coprolite diversity associated with the end-Permian extinction event in Vyazniki region, European Russia. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 450, 77–90.
Niedźwiedzki R., 2005. Stratygrafia, zapis paleontologiczny i warunki sedymentacji wapienia muszlowego na Górny Śląsku. [in:] Jureczka J., Buła Z. & Żaba J. (red.), Geologia i zagadnienia ochrony środowiska w regionie górnośląskim: LXXVI Zjazd Naukowy Polskiego Towarzystwa Geologicznego, Rudy k/Rybnika, 14–16 września 2005 r.: materiały konferencyjne, Państwowy Instytut Geologiczny, Warszawa, 161–165.
Niedźwiedzki R. & Salamon M.A., 2002. Migration routes of the Tethyan fauna in the eastern part of the epicontinental Germanic Basin (Poland). Freiberger Forschungshefte, Paläontologie, Stratigraphie, Fazies, 10, 1–8.
Niedźwiedzki R., Surmik D., Chećko A., Paszcza K., Jain S. & Salamon M.A., 2021. Oldest nautiloid record from the Triassic Germanic Basin and the first ammonite record from the Aegean (Middle Triassic) of Poland. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology [in press].
Northwood C., 2005. Early Triassic coprolites from Australia and their palaeobiological significance. Palaeontology, 48, 49–68.
Oji T., Ogaya C. & Sato T., 2003. Increase of shell crushing predation recorded in fossil shell fragmentation. Paleobiology, 29, 520–526.
Oosterink H.W. & Poppe W., 1979. Vissen en visresten uit de Onder-Muschelkalk van Winterswijk. Grondboor en Hamer, 33, 95–112.
Qvarnström M., Niedźwiedzki G., Tafforeau P., Žigaitė Ž. & Ahlberg P.E., 2017. Synchrotron phase-contrast microtomography of coprolites generates novel palaeobiological data. Scientific Reports, 7, 2723.
Romano C. & Brinkmann W., 2010. A new specimen of the hybodont shark Palaeobates polaris with three-dimensionally preserved Meckel’s cartilage from the Smithian (Early Triassic) of Spitsbergen. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 30, 1673–1683.
Salamon M.A. & Niedźwiedzki R., 2005. An explanation for low endemism of Triassic crinoids from the epicontinental Germanic Basin, Poland. Geological Quarterly, 49, 331–338.
Salamon M.A., Niedźwiedzki R., Gorzelak P., Lach R. & Surmik D., 2012. Bromalites from the Middle Triassic of Poland and the rise of the Mesozoic Marine Revolution. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 321–322, 142–150.
Salamon M.A., Gorzelak P., Niedźwiedzki R., Trzęsiok D. & Baumiller T.K., 2014. Trends in shell fragmentation as evidence of mid-Paleozoic changes in marine predation. Paleobiology, 40, 14−23.
Salamon M.A., Leśko K. & Gorzelak P., 2018. Experimental tumbling of Dreissena polymorpha: implications for recognizing durophagous predation in the fossil record. Facies, 64, 10.
Salamon M.A., Brachaniec T. & Gorzelak P., 2020. Durophagous fish predation traces versus tumbling-induced shell damage – a paleobiological perspective. Palaios, 35, 37−47.
Schindelin J., Arganda-Carreras I., Frise E. et al. 2012. Fiji: an open-source platform for biological-image analysis. Nature Methods, 9, 676–682.
Schmidt M., 1928. Die Lebewelt unserer Trias. Ferdinand Rau, Öhringen.
Schmidt M., 1938. Die Lebewelt unserer Trias. Ferdinand Rau, Öhringen.
Senkowiczowa H. & Kotański Z., 1979. Gromada Cephalopoda Cuvier, 1797. [in:] Malinowska L. (red.), Budowa geologiczna Polski. T. 3, Atlas skamieniałości przewodnich i charakterystycznych. Cz. 2a, Mezozoik: Trias, Wydawnictwa Geologiczne, Warszawa, 94–103.
Skrzycki P., Niedźwiedzki G. & Tałanda M., 2018. Dipnoan remains from the Lower-Middle Triassic of the Holy Cross Mountains and northeastern Poland, with remarks on dipnoan palaeobiogeography. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 496, 332–345.
Stachacz M. & Matysik M., 2020. Early Middle Triassic (Anisian) trace fossils, ichnofabrics, and substrate types from the southeastern Germanic Basin (Wellenkalk facies) ofUpper Silesia, southern Poland: Implications for biotic recovery following the Permian/Triassic mass extinction. Global and Planetary Change, 194, 103290.
Surmik D., 2010. Preliminary taphonomical analysis of Lower Muschelkalk bone accumulation in Silesia (Poland). [in:] Nowakowski D. (ed.), Fossil vertebrates – morphology systematics evolution: paleontological conference, DN Dariusz Nowakowski, Instytut Biologii, Uniwersytet Przyrodniczy, Wrocław, 110–117.
Surmik D., 2016. Hemilopas mentzeli, an enigmatic marine reptile from the Middle Triassic of Poland revisited. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Abhandlungen, 282, 209–223.
Surmik D., Skreczko S. & Wolny M., 2014. The results of palaeontological excavations in the Sadowa Góra quarry (2012–14). Contemporary Trends in Geoscience, 3, 91–100.
Surmik D., Salamon M.A., Chećko A. & Kędroń K., 2020. Ophiuroids from the Middle Triassic (Muschelkalk) of Sadowa Góra, Jaworzno (southern Poland). Geology, Geophysics & Environment, 46, 175–182.
Szulc J., 2000. Middle Triassic evolution of the northern Peri-Tethys area as influenced by early opening of the Tethys Ocean. Annales Societatis Geologorum Poloniae, 70, 1–48.
Szulc J. & Becker A. (eds.), 2007. International Workshop on the the Triassic of Southern Poland: Pan-European correlation of the epicontinental Triassic, 4th meeting September 3-8, 2007: fieldtrip guide. Polish Geological Society, Polish Geological Institute, Institute of Geological Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Cracow, Warsaw.
Vullo R., 2011. Direct evidence of hybodont shark predation on Late Jurassic ammonites. Naturwissenschaften, 98, 545–549.
Williams M.E., 1972. The origin of “spiral coprolites”. University of Kansas Paleontological Contribution, 59, 1–19.
Wysogórski J., 1903–1908. Die Trias in Oberschlesien. [in:] Frech F. (red.), Lethaea geognostica: Handbuch der Erdgeschichte mit Abbildungen der für die Formationen bezeichnendsten Versteinerungen. II. Teil: Das Mesozoicum. 1. Band: Trias, Schweizerbart, Stuttgart, 54–64.
Zatoń M., Salamon M.A., Marynowski L. & Zatoń R., 2007a. Gniazdowe akumulacje szczątków fauny w środkowojurajskich iłach rudonośnych Wyżyny Krakowsko-Wieluńskiej – wnioski paleobiologiczne. Przegląd Geologiczny, 55, 424–429.
Zatoń M., Villier L. & Salamon M.A., 2007b. Signs of predation in the Middle Jurassic of south-central Poland: evidence from echinoderm taphonomy. Lethaia, 40, 139–151.
Zatoń M., Salamon M.A., Boczarowski A. & Sitek S., 2008. Taphonomy of dense ophiuroid accumulations from the Middle Triassic of Poland. Lethaia, 41, 47–58.
Zatoń M., Niedźwiedzki G., Marynowski L., Benzerara K., Pott Ch., Cosmidis J., Krzykawski T. & Filipiak P., 2015. Coprolites of Late Triassic carnivorous vertebrates from Poland: an integrative approach. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 430, 21–46.
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Apr 28, 2021
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Niedźwiedzki, R., Surmik, D., Chećko, A., & Salamon, M. A. (2021). A regurgitalite of the Middle Triassic (Muschelkalk) from Upper Silesia (Poland). Geology, Geophysics and Environment, 47(1), 33–40. https://doi.org/10.7494/geol.2021.47.1.33
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